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1 must
1. auxiliary verb, only in pres. and past1) (have to) müssen; with negative dürfenyou must not/never do that — das darfst du nicht/nie tun
you must remember... — du darfst nicht vergessen,...; du musst daran denken,...
you mustn't do that again! — tu das [ja] nie wieder!
I must get back to the office — ich muss wieder ins Büro
if you must know — wenn du es unbedingt wissen willst
2) (ought to) müssen; with negative dürfenyou must think about it — du solltest [unbedingt] darüber nachdenken
I must not sit here drinking coffee — ich sollte od. dürfte eigentlich nicht hier sitzen und Kaffee trinken
3) (be certain to) müssenyou must be tired — du musst müde sein; du bist bestimmt müde
it must be about 3 o'clock — es wird wohl od. dürfte od. müsste etwa 3 Uhr sein
it must have stopped raining by now — es dürfte od. müsste inzwischen aufgehört haben zu regnen
there must have been forty of them — (forty) es müssen vierzig gewesen sein; (probably about forty) es dürften etwa vierzig gewesen sein
4) (expr. indignation or annoyance)2. nounhe must come just when... — er muss/musste natürlich od. ausgerechnet kommen, wenn/als...
(coll.) Muß, dasbe a must for somebody/something — ein Muß für jemanden/unerlässlich für etwas sein
* * *1. negative short form - mustn't; verb1) (used with another verb to express need: We must go to the shops to get milk.) müssen2) (used, usually with another verb, to suggest a probability: They must be finding it very difficult to live in such a small house.) müssen (Konjunktiv)3) (used, usually with another verb, to express duty, an order, rule etc: You must come home before midnight; All competitors must be under 15 years of age.) müssen2. noun(something necessary, essential, or not to be missed: This new tent is a must for the serious camper.) das Muß- academic.ru/117467/must_have">must have* * *[mʌst]I. aux vb1. (be obliged) müssenall handbags \must be left at the cloakroom for security reasons lassen Sie bitte aus Sicherheitsgründen alle Handtaschen in der Garderobe▪ \must not [or \mustn't] nicht dürfenyou \mustn't say anything to anyone about this matter darüber darfst du mit niemandem sprechen2. (be required) müssenyou \must take these pills every day Sie müssen diese Tabletten täglich einnehmen\must you leave so soon? müssen Sie schon so früh gehen?3. (should) ich sollte/du solltest/er/sie/es sollten/wir sollten/ihr solltet/sie solltenyou really \must read this book dieses Buch sollten Sie wirklich einmal lesenyou \must come and visit us Sie sollten uns bald einmal besuchen kommen4. (be likely) müssenit \must be true das muss wohl stimmenyou \must be very tired ihr seid bestimmt sehr müdethere \must be something wrong es muss ein Problem geben [o etwas vorgefallen sein5. (be certain to) müssenI \must seem very rude when I say things like that ich wirke bestimmt sehr grob, wenn ich so etwas sageshe \must be wondering where I've got to sie wird sich bestimmt fragen, wo ich abgeblieben binyou \must really like her du musst sie wirklich sehr mögenyou \must be joking! du machst wohl Witze!6. (be necessary) müssenI \must ask you not to smoke in my house ich muss Sie bitten, in meinem Haus nicht zu rauchenyou \mustn't worry too much about it jetzt mach dir deswegen nicht so viele Sorgen7. (show irritation) müssen\must you always have the last word? musst du immer das letzte Wort haben?smoke if you \must then dann rauche, wenn es [denn] unbedingt sein muss8. (intend to) müssenI \mustn't forget to put the bins out tonight ich darf nicht vergessen, heute Abend den Abfall rauszubringen▪ to be a \must ein Muss nt seinif you live in the country a car is a \must wenn man auf dem Land lebt, ist ein Wagen unerlässlichthis book is a \must! dieses Buch muss man gelesen haben!III. in compoundsthis film is a \must-see diesen Film muss man einfach gesehen haben* * *I [mʌst]1. vb aux present tense only1) müssenyou must ( go and) see this church — Sie müssen sich (dat) diese Kirche unbedingt ansehen
3)(= be certain to)
he must be there by now — er ist wohl inzwischen daI must have lost it — ich habe es wohl verloren, ich muss es wohl verloren haben; (with stress on must) ich muss es verloren haben
you must have heard of him — Sie haben bestimmt schon von ihm gehört; (with stress on must) Sie müssen doch schon von ihm gehört haben
there must have been five of them — es müssen fünf gewesen sein; (about five) es waren wohl etwa fünf; (at least five) es waren bestimmt fünf
there must be a reason for it — es gibt bestimmt eine Erklärung dafür; (with stress on must) es muss doch eine Erklärung dafür geben
it must be about 3 o'clock — es wird wohl (so) etwa 3 Uhr sein, es muss so gegen 3 Uhr sein
I must have been dreaming —
you must be crazy! — du bist ja or wohl wahnsinnig!
4) (showing annoyance) müssen2. n (inf)Muss nt/an umbrella is a must — man braucht unbedingt Humor/einen Schirm, Humor/ein Schirm ist unerlässlich
IIthis novel/film is a must for everyone — diesen Roman/diesen Film muss man einfach or unbedingt gelesen/gesehen haben
n(= mustiness) Muffigkeit f IIIn (WINEMAKING)Most m* * *must1 [mʌst]A v/aux 3. sg präs must, prät must, inf und Partizipien fehlenall men must die alle Menschen müssen sterben;I must go now ich muss jetzt gehen;must he do that? muss er das tun?;he must be over eighty er muss über achtzig (Jahre alt) sein;it must look strange es muss (notwendigerweise) merkwürdig aussehen;you must have heard it du musst es gehört habenyou must not smoke here du darfst hier nicht rauchenit was too late now, he must go on es war bereits zu spät, er musste weitergehen;just as I was busiest, he must come gerade als ich am meisten zu tun hatte, musste er kommenB adj unerlässlich, unbedingt zu erledigen(d) (etc), absolut notwendig:C s Muss n, Unerlässlichkeit f, absolute Notwendigkeit:it is a(n absolute) must es ist unerlässlich oder unbedingt erforderlich;this place is a must for tourists diesen Ort muss man (als Tourist) gesehen habenmust2 [mʌst] s Most mmust3 [mʌst] s1. Moder m, Schimmel m2. Dumpfigkeit f, Modrigkeit fmust4 [mʌst]A s Brunst f, Wut f (männlicher Elefanten oder Kamele)B adj brünstig, wütend* * *1. auxiliary verb, only in pres. and past1) (have to) müssen; with negative dürfenyou must not/never do that — das darfst du nicht/nie tun
you must remember... — du darfst nicht vergessen,...; du musst daran denken,...
you mustn't do that again! — tu das [ja] nie wieder!
2) (ought to) müssen; with negative dürfenyou must think about it — du solltest [unbedingt] darüber nachdenken
I must not sit here drinking coffee — ich sollte od. dürfte eigentlich nicht hier sitzen und Kaffee trinken
3) (be certain to) müssenyou must be tired — du musst müde sein; du bist bestimmt müde
it must be about 3 o'clock — es wird wohl od. dürfte od. müsste etwa 3 Uhr sein
it must have stopped raining by now — es dürfte od. müsste inzwischen aufgehört haben zu regnen
there must have been forty of them — (forty) es müssen vierzig gewesen sein; (probably about forty) es dürften etwa vierzig gewesen sein
4) (expr. indignation or annoyance)2. nounhe must come just when... — er muss/musste natürlich od. ausgerechnet kommen, wenn/als...
(coll.) Muß, dasbe a must for somebody/something — ein Muß für jemanden/unerlässlich für etwas sein
* * *aux.muss aux.musst aux. modalmüssen aux. -
2 mögen
I Modalv.; mag, mochte, hat... mögen1. Wunsch ausdrückend: ich möchte (Dial. mag) gehen I want to go; sie mochte nicht bleiben she didn’t want to stay; Bier hat sie noch nie trinken mögen she never liked drinking beer; ich möchte Tee trinken I’d like to drink tea; darüber möchte ich nicht reden I don’t want to talk about that; ich möchte ihn sehen I want ( höflicher: I’d like) to see him; möchtest (Dial. magst) du mitkommen? do you want ( höflicher: would you like) to come?; ich möchte wissen I’d like to know; (ich frage mich) I wonder; ich möchte lieber ins Kino gehen I’d rather go to the cinema (Am. movies); das möchte ich doch einmal sehen! I’d like to see that; man möchte meinen... you might think...; man möchte verrückt werden! umg. it’s enough to drive you up the wall2. Vermutung ausdrückend: das mag ( wohl) sein that may be (so); mag sein, dass... perhaps..., maybe...; das möchte sein Dial. (that) could be; wo er auch sein mag wherever he may be; wie dem auch sein mag be that as it may; was mag er dazu sagen? I wonder what he’ll say to that; was mag das bedeuten? what can it mean?, I wonder what it could mean?; man mag das bedauern, aber... it may be regrettable, but...; Müller, Maier und wie sie alle heißen mögen Müller, Maier and whatever their names are; sie mochte 30 Jahre alt sein she must have been ( oder she looked) about 30; es mochten etwa 100 Leute sein there must have been about 100 people3. einräumend: mag er sagen, was er will he can say what he wants; was ich auch tun mag whatever I do, no matter what I do4. auffordernd: Zeugen möchten sich bitte melden would any witnesses please come forward; sag ihr, sie möge oder möchte zu mir kommen tell her she should come and see meII v/t (hat gemocht)2. (gern mögen) like, be fond of; nicht mögen not like; stärker: dislike; Milch mag ich nicht besonders I’m not particularly keen on (Am. not crazy about) milk; lieber mögen like better, prefer; Tee mag ich lieber als Kaffee I prefer tea to coffee; am liebsten mögen like bestIII v/i (hat gemocht) (wollen) want; ich mag nicht I don’t want to; (ich habe keine Lust) I don’t feel like it; ich möchte schon, aber... I’d like to, but...; sie möchte noch nicht nach Hause she doesn’t want to go home yet; er hat nicht in die Schule gemocht he didn’t want to go to school; magst / möchtest du noch? zum Essen/Trinken: do you want / would you like some more?; weitermachen: do you want / would you like to go on?* * *to be fond of; to like; to love; may* * *mö|gen ['møːgn] pret mo\#chte, ['mɔxtə] ptp gemo\#cht1. vt[gə'mɔxt] to likeich mag ihn/Operettenmusik nicht — I don't like him/operetta, I don't care for him/operetta
sie mag das ( gern) — she (really) likes that
was möchten Sie, bitte? — what would you like?; (Verkäufer) what can I do for you?
mö́gen Sie eine Praline/etwas Wein? (form) — would you like a chocolate/some wine?, would you care for a chocolate/some wine?
nein danke, ich möchte lieber Tee — no thank you, I would prefer tea or would rather have tea
2. vi2) (= gehen/fahren wollen) to want to goich möchte (gern) nach Hause — I want to go home
3. modal aux vbmöchten Sie etwas essen? — would you like something to eat?, would you care for something to eat?
wir möchten (gern) etwas trinken — we would like something to drink
ich möchte dazu nichts sagen — I don't want to say anything about that, no comment
ich hätte gern dabei sein mö́gen — I would like or have liked to have been there
ich hätte lieber dabei sein mö́gen — I would prefer or have preferred to have been there
das möchte ich auch wissen —
möge er/mögest du Erfolg haben (old) — may he/you be successful
2)(im Konjunktiv: einschränkend)
man möchte meinen, dass... — you would think that...ich möchte fast sagen... — I would almost say...
3)es mag wohl sein, dass er recht hat, aber... — he may well be right, but...es mag dieses Mal gehen — it's all right this time
mag es schneien, so viel es will —
von mir aus mag er warten — as far as I'm concerned he can wait
man mag es tun, wie man will, aber... — you can do it how you like, but...
4)es mochten etwa fünf Stunden vergangen sein — about five hours must or would have passedsie mag/mochte etwa zwanzig sein — she must or would be/have been about twenty
wie alt mag sie sein? — how old might or would she be?, how old is she, I wonder?
5) (= wollen) to want6)(Aufforderung, indirekte Rede)
(sagen Sie ihm,) er möchte zu mir kommen — would you tell him to come and see meSie möchten zu Hause anrufen —
* * *1) (having a liking for: He is very fond of dogs.) fond of2) (to be pleased with; to find pleasant or agreeable: I like him very much; I like the way you've decorated this room.) like3) (to enjoy: I like gardening.) like4) (used to express a wish: May you live a long and happy life.) may* * *mö·gen[ˈmø:gn̩]I. modal vb<mochte, hat... mögen>+ infin1. (wollen)▪ etw tun \mögen to want to do sthich mag dich nicht mehr sehen! I don't want to see you any more!ich mag dich nicht gern[e] allein lassen I don't like to leave you alone [or leaving you alone]Stefan hat noch nie Fisch essen \mögen Stefan has never liked fishdas hätte ich sehen \mögen! I would have liked to see that!ich mochte nicht länger bleiben I didn't want to stay longer▪ jd möchte etw tun sb would like to do sthich möchte gerne kommen I'd like to comehier möchte ich gerne leben I'd really like to live hereich möchte jetzt einfach Urlaub machen können I wish I could [or I'd like to be able to] just take off on holiday nowdas möchte ich sehen! I'd like to see that!möchten Sie noch ein Glas Bier trinken? would you like another beer?möchten Sie etwas essen/trinken? would you like something to eat/drink?ich möchte gerne etwas trinken I would like something to drinkich möchte gern Herrn Kuhn sprechen I would like to speak to Mr. Kuhnich möchte dazu nichts sagen I don't want to say anything about that, no commentich möchte zu gerne wissen... I'd love to know...das möchte ich auch wissen I'd like to know that tooich möchte nicht stören, aber... I don't want to interrupt, but...man möchte meinen, es wäre schon Winter you'd think that it was already winterich möchte fast sagen... I would almost say...4. (Vermutung, Möglichkeit)sie mag sogar Recht haben she may be righthm, das mag schon stimmen hmm, that might [well] be truedas mag noch angehen it might be all rightwas mag das wohl bedeuten? what's that supposed to mean?, I wonder what that means?jetzt mag sie denken, dass wir sie nicht sehen wollen she probably thinks [that] we don't want to see her nowwie alt sie wohl sein mag? I wonder how old she isnun, sie mag so um die 40 sein well, she must be [or I'd say she's] about 40wo mag sie das gehört haben? where could [or might] she have heard that?was mag das wohl heißen? what might that mean?was mag sie damit gemeint haben? what can she have meant by that?wie viele Leute \mögen das gewesen sein? how many people would you say there were?es mochten so um die zwanzig Personen gewesen sein there must have been around twenty people therees mochten etwa zwei Stunden vergangen sein about two hours would have passedmag das Wetter auch noch so schlecht sein,... however bad the weather may be,...er mag das zwar behaupten, aber deswegen stimmt es noch lange nicht just because he says that, doesn't necessarily mean that it's truemag kommen, was will, wir sind vorbereitet come what may, we are preparedwas immer kommen mag, wir bleiben zusammen whatever happens we'll stay togetherdas mag für dieses Mal hingehen it's all right this timediese Warnung mag genügen let this warning be enough, this warning should sufficewas immer er auch behaupten/sagen mag,... whatever he may claim/say,...so gemein wie es auch klingen mag, es ist die Wahrheit however cruel this may sound, it is the truther sieht immer noch sehr gut aus, mag er auch inzwischen Mittfünfziger sein he's still very handsome, even if he's in his mid-fifties now... und wie sie alle heißen \mögen... whatever they're called[das] mag sein maybe[es] mag sein, dass sie Recht hat it may be that she's rightdas mag schon sein, aber trotzdem! that's as may be, but still!wie dem auch sein mag be that as it maywer er auch sein mag whoever he may bees mag wohl sein, dass er Recht hat, aber... he may well be right, but...es mag so sein, wie er behauptet it may well [or might] be as he says6. (Erlaubnis, Zustimmung)▪ etw tun \mögen to be allowed [or able] to do sthdu magst tun, was du willst you may do as you please [or can]mag sie von mir aus gehen she can go as far as I'm concernedes mag schneien, so viel es will let it snow as much as it likes7. (sollen)bestellen Sie ihm bitte, er möchte mich morgen anrufen please tell him to ring me tomorrowsagen Sie ihr, sie möchte zu mir kommen would you tell her to come and see meSie möchten gleich mal zur Chefin kommen the boss has asked to see you right awaySie möchten zu Hause anrufen you should call homemöge sie bald kommen! I do hope she'll come soon!möge es so bleiben! may it stay like that!möge das stimmen! let's hope it's true!wenn sie mir das doch nur verzeihen möge! if she could only forgive me this!es mochte nichts helfen it [just] didn't helpII. vt<mochte, gemocht>1. (gernhaben)▪ jdn \mögen to like sbmagst du ihn? do you like him?ich mag ihn I do like himer mag mich nicht he does not like mesie mag ihn sehr [gern] she is very fond of him2. (eine Vorliebe haben)▪ jdn/etw \mögen to like sb/sthsie mag das [gern] she [really] likes thatwelchen Maler magst du am liebsten? who is your favourite painter?, which painter do you like best?sie mag keine Hunde she does not like dogsam liebsten mag ich Eintopf I like stew best, stew is my favourite [meal]ich mag lieber/am liebsten Rotwein I like red wine better/best [of all]3. (haben wollen)▪ etw \mögen to want sthich möchte ein Stück Kuchen I'd like a slice of cakeich möchte im Augenblick nichts mehr I don't want anything else for the momentmöchten Sie noch etwas Kaffee/ein Glas Wein? would you like some more coffee/another glass of wine?nein danke, ich möchte lieber Tee no thank you, I would prefer [or rather have] teamagst du noch ein Bier? would you like another beer?was möchten Sie bitte? what would you like?; (Verkäufer) what can I do for you?4. (sich wünschen)▪ jd möchte, dass jd etw tut sb would like sb to do sthIch möchte nicht, dass sie heute kommt I would not like her to come todayich möchte, dass du dich sofort bei ihr entschuldigst I would like [or want] you to apologize to her at onceich möchte nicht, dass das bekannt wird I don't want this to get outich möchte gern, dass er mir öfters schreibt I wish he would write [to me] more oftenIII. vi<mochte, gemocht>1. (wollen) to want [or like] toes ist noch Nachtisch da, magst du noch? there is [still] some dessert left, would you like [to have] some more?es ist doch keine Frage, ob ich mag, ich muss es eben tun it's not a question of whether I want to do it [or not], I have to [do it] [or it has to be done]lass uns morgen weitermachen, ich mag nicht mehr let's carry on tomorrow, I don't feel like doing anymore todaywenn du magst, machen wir jetzt eine Pause we could take a break now if you likeiss doch bitte auf — ich mag aber nicht mehr come on, finish up — but I don't want any moreich möchte schon, aber... I should like to, but...nicht so recht \mögen to not [really] feel like itgehst du mit ins Kino? — nein, ich mag nicht so recht are you coming to the cinema? — no, I don't really feel like it2. (fam: gehen/fahren wollen)▪ irgendwohin \mögen to want to go somewhereich mag jetzt nach Hause I want to go homeich möchte nach Hause I'd like to go homemöchtest du auch ins Kino? do you want to go to the cinema too?ich möchte zu Herrn Peters he would like to see Mr. Petersich möchte lieber in die Stadt I would prefer to go [or would rather go] into town* * *1.unregelmäßiges Modalverb; 2. Part. mögen1) (wollen) want to2) (geh.): (sollen)das mag genügen — that should be or ought to be enough
3) (geh.): (Wunschform)4) (Vermutung, Möglichkeit)sie mag/mochte vierzig sein — she must be/must have been [about] forty
Meier, Müller, Koch - und wie sie alle heißen mögen — Meier, Müller, Koch and [the rest,] whatever they're called
[das] mag sein — maybe
5) (geh.): (Einräumung)es mag kommen, was will — come what may
6) Konjunktiv II (den Wunsch haben)ich/sie möchte gern wissen... — I would or should/she would like to know...
ich möchte nicht stören, aber... — I don't want to interrupt, but...
ich möchte zu gerne wissen — I'd love to know...
2.man möchte meinen, er sei der Chef — one would [really] think he was the boss
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1)[gern] mögen — like
sie mag ihn sehr [gern] — she likes him very much; (hat ihn sehr gern) she is very fond of him
ich mag lieber/am liebsten Bier — I like beer better/best [of all]
2) Konjunktiv II (haben wollen)3.ich möchte lieber Tee — I would prefer tea or rather have tea
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) (es wollen) like to2) Konjunktiv II (fahren, gehen usw. wollen)ich möchte nach Hause/in die Stadt/auf die Schaukel — I want or I'd like to go home/into town/on the swing
* * *A. v/mod; mag, mochte, hat … mögenich möchte (dialmag)gehen I want to go;sie mochte nicht bleiben she didn’t want to stay;Bier hat sie noch nie trinken mögen she never liked drinking beer;ich möchte Tee trinken I’d like to drink tea;darüber möchte ich nicht reden I don’t want to talk about that;ich möchte ihn sehen I want ( höflicher: I’d like) to see him;möchtest (dialdu mitkommen? do you want ( höflicher: would you like) to come?;ich möchte wissen I’d like to know; (ich frage mich) I wonder;ich möchte lieber ins Kino gehen I’d rather go to the cinema (US movies);das möchte ich doch einmal sehen! I’d like to see that;man möchte meinen … you might think …;das mag (wohl) sein that may be (so);mag sein, dass … perhaps …, maybe …;das möchte sein dial (that) could be;wo er auch sein mag wherever he may be;wie dem auch sein mag be that as it may;was mag er dazu sagen? I wonder what he’ll say to that;was mag das bedeuten? what can it mean?, I wonder what it could mean?;man mag das bedauern, aber …it may be regrettable, but …;Müller, Maier und wie sie alle heißen mögen Müller, Maier and whatever their names are;sie mochte 30 Jahre alt sein she must have been ( oder she looked) about 30;es mochten etwa 100 Leute sein there must have been about 100 people3. einräumend:mag er sagen, was er will he can say what he wants;was ich auch tun mag whatever I do, no matter what I do4. auffordernd:Zeugen möchten sich bitte melden would any witnesses please come forward;sag ihr, sie möge odermöchte zu mir kommen tell her she should come and see meB. v/t (hat gemocht)1. (wünschen) want;was möchtest du denn? (was ist?) what is it you want?2. (gern mögen) like, be fond of;nicht mögen not like; stärker: dislike;lieber mögen like better, prefer;Tee mag ich lieber als Kaffee I prefer tea to coffee;am liebsten mögen like bestC. v/i (hat gemocht) (wollen) want;ich mag nicht I don’t want to; (ich habe keine Lust) I don’t feel like it;ich möchte schon, aber … I’d like to, but …;sie möchte noch nicht nach Hause she doesn’t want to go home yet;er hat nicht in die Schule gemocht he didn’t want to go to school;magst/möchtest du noch? zum Essen/Trinken: do you want/would you like some more?; weitermachen: do you want/would you like to go on?* * *1.unregelmäßiges Modalverb; 2. Part. mögen1) (wollen) want to2) (geh.): (sollen)das mag genügen — that should be or ought to be enough
3) (geh.): (Wunschform)4) (Vermutung, Möglichkeit)sie mag/mochte vierzig sein — she must be/must have been [about] forty
Meier, Müller, Koch - und wie sie alle heißen mögen — Meier, Müller, Koch and [the rest,] whatever they're called
[das] mag sein — maybe
5) (geh.): (Einräumung)es mag kommen, was will — come what may
6) Konjunktiv II (den Wunsch haben)ich/sie möchte gern wissen... — I would or should/she would like to know...
ich möchte nicht stören, aber... — I don't want to interrupt, but...
ich möchte zu gerne wissen — I'd love to know...
2.man möchte meinen, er sei der Chef — one would [really] think he was the boss
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1)[gern] mögen — like
sie mag ihn sehr [gern] — she likes him very much; (hat ihn sehr gern) she is very fond of him
ich mag lieber/am liebsten Bier — I like beer better/best [of all]
2) Konjunktiv II (haben wollen)3.ich möchte lieber Tee — I would prefer tea or rather have tea
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) (es wollen) like tomagst du? — do you want to?; (bei einem Angebot) would you like one/some?
2) Konjunktiv II (fahren, gehen usw. wollen)ich möchte nach Hause/in die Stadt/auf die Schaukel — I want or I'd like to go home/into town/on the swing
* * *v.(§ p.,pp.: mochte, gemocht)= to like v. -
3 well
I noun1) (water well, mineral spring) Brunnen, derII 1. interjection1) (expr. astonishment) mein Gott; meine Güte; nanuwell, well! — sieh mal einer an!
2) (expr. relief) mein Gott3) (expr. concession) na jawell then, let's say no more about it — schon gut, reden wir nicht mehr davon
4) (expr. resumption) nunwell [then], who was it? — nun, wer war's?
5) (expr. qualified recognition of point)well[, but]... — na ja, aber...; ja schon, aber...
6) (expr. resignation)[oh] well — nun denn
7) (expr. expectation)2. adverb,well [then]? — na?
1) (satisfactorily) gutdo well out of something — mit etwas ein gutes Geschäft machen
the patient is doing well — dem Patienten geht es gut
you did well to come — gut, dass du gekommen bist
didn't he do well! — hat er sich nicht gut geschlagen?
you would do well to... — Sie täten gut daran, zu...
you're well out of it — es ist gut, dass du damit nichts mehr zu tun hast
2) (thoroughly) gründlich [trocknen, polieren, schütteln]; tüchtig [verprügeln]; genau [beobachten]; gewissenhaft [urteilen]be well able to do something — durchaus od. sehr wohl in der Lage sein, etwas zu tun
I'm well aware of what has been going on — mir ist sehr wohl klar od. bewusst, was sich abgespielt hat
let or leave well alone — sich zufrieden geben
well out of sight — (very far off) völlig außer Sichtweite (of Gen.)
I know only too well how/what etc.... — ich weiß nur zu gut, wie/was usw....
3) (considerably) weitit was well on into the afternoon — es war schon spät am Nachmittag
he is well past or over retiring age — er hat schon längst das Rentenalter erreicht
he is well past or over forty — er ist weit über vierzig
be well away — (lit. or fig.) einen guten Vorsprung haben; (coll.): (be drunk) ziemlich benebelt sein (ugs.)
4) (approvingly, kindly) gut, anständig [jemanden behandeln]think well of somebody/something — eine gute Meinung von jemandem/etwas haben
speak well of somebody/something — sich positiv über jemanden/etwas äußern
5) (in all likelihood) sehr wohl6) (easily) ohne weiteresyou cannot very well refuse their help — du kannst ihre Hilfe nicht ohne weiteres od. nicht gut ausschlagen
7)as well — (in addition) auch; ebenfalls; (as much, not less truly) genauso; ebenso; (with equal reason) genauso gut; ebenso gut; (advisable) ratsam; (equally well) genauso gut
Coming for a drink? - I might as well — Kommst du mit, einen trinken? - Warum nicht?
that is [just] as well — (not regrettable) um so besser
it was just as well that I had... — zum Glück hatte ich...
A as well as B — B und auch [noch] A
3. adjectiveas well as helping or (coll.) help me, she continued her own work — sie half mir und machte dabei noch mit ihrer eigenen Arbeit weiter
1) (in good health) gesundHow are you feeling now? - Quite well, thank you — Wie fühlen Sie sich jetzt? - Ganz gut, danke
I am perfectly well — ich fühle mich bestens
2) pred. (satisfactory)I am very well where I am — ich bin hier sehr zufrieden
all's well that ends well — (prov.) Ende gut, alles gut
all is not well with somebody/something — mit jemandem/etwas ist etwas nicht in Ordnung
[that's all] well and good — [das ist alles] gut und schön
3) pred. (advisable) ratsam* * *(to have a good, or bad, opinion of: She thought highly of him and his poetry.) viel,etwas,wenig halten von* * *well1[wel]I. adj< better, best>1. (healthy) gesundare you \well? geht es dir gut?thank you, [I'm] very \well danke, [es geht mir] sehr gutI'm fairly/perfectly \well mir geht es einigermaßen/bestenshe hasn't been too \well lately ihm geht es in letzter Zeit nicht besonders gutyou're looking very \well today! Sie sehen heute blendend aus!to be alive and \well gesund und munter seinto feel \well sich akk gut [o wohl] fühlento get \well gesund werdenI hope you get \well soon ich hoffe, dass es dir bald wieder besser gehtget \well soon! gute Besserung!get \well card Genesungskarte fall \well at work? ist bei der Arbeit alles in Ordnung?all's \well here hier ist alles in Ordnungall is not \well at the office im Büro gibt es Problemenobody believes all is \well in our health service keiner glaubt, dass mit unserem Gesundheitswesen alles in Ordnung istall being \well, we should arrive on time wenn alles gutgeht, müssten wir pünktlich ankommenit's all very \well saying that [or for you to say that], but... du hast gut reden, aber...it's all very \well for you to laugh but... du hast gut lachen, aber...all's not \well with sb/sth mit jdm/etw steht es nicht zum Bestenall \well and good, all very \well gut und schönthat's all very \well but... das ist [ja] alles schön und gut, aber...electric heating is all very \well until there's a power cut elektrische Heizungen sind so weit ganz in Ordnung, es sei denn, es kommt zum Stromausfallit's just as \well that... es ist [nur] gut, dass...just as \well you're not here — you wouldn't like it [nur] gut, dass du nicht hier bist — es würde dir nicht gefallenit would be as \well to do sth es wäre [o ist] ratsam, etw zu tunit would be as \well to check the small print es ist ratsam, auch das Kleingedruckte zu überprüfen4.II. adv<better, best>1. (in a good way) gutyou speak English very \well du sprichst sehr gut Englischthey discussed the plans for two hours at considered it time \well spent sie diskutierten zwei Stunden lang die Pläne und waren der Meinung, diese Zeit sinnvoll genutzt zu haben\well spotted! gut aufgepasst!look at all those wine bottles! you certainly live \well! guck dir nur all die Weinflaschen an! du lässt es dir aber gutgehen![that was] \well put gut ausgedrückt\well done! gut gemacht!, super! famit's a job \well done! das wäre erledigt!to be money \well spent gut angelegtes Geld seinto do \well to do sth gut daran tun, etw zu tunas \well as sb/sth so gut wie jd/etwI can't do it as \well as Marie [can] ich kann es nicht so gut wie Marieshe can sing as \well as her sister [does] sie kann genauso gut singen wie ihre Schwesterthe concert was \well enough advertised but ticket sales were poor obwohl das Konzert ausreichend angekündigt war, wurden kaum Tickets verkaufthe plays the piano \well enough er spielt ganz gut Klavierpretty \well ganz gutto do \well for oneself erfolgreich seinto mean \well es gut meinen2. (favourably) guthis point was \well taken sein Beitrag wurde gut aufgenommento speak \well of sb/sth nur Gutes über jdn/etw sagento think \well of sb/sth viel von jdm/etw halten3. (thoroughly) gutto know sb \well jdn gut kennento cost \well over/under £ 100 weit über/unter 100 Pfund kostenthe results are \well above [our] expectations die Ergebnisse liegen weit über unseren Erwartungenstand \well clear of the doors halten Sie deutlich Abstand von den Türenkeep \well away from the edge of the cliff halten Sie sich weit vom Rand des Abhangs fernthey kept the crowd \well behind the white line sie hielten die Menge weit hinter der weißen Linie zurückI can \well believe it das glaube ich gernhe could \well imagine how... er konnte sich lebhaft vorstellen, wie...there are no buses after midnight, as you \well know du weißt doch, dass nach Mitternacht keine Busse mehr fahrenI \well remember the last time they visited us ( form) ich kann mich gut an ihren letzten Besuch erinnernto be \well able to do sth durchaus [o sehr wohl] in der Lage sein, etw zu tunto be \well over forty weit über vierzig seinto be \well worth it/an attempt es/einen Versuch wert sein\well and truly ganz einfachyou may \well ask! das kann man wohl fragen!where's Pete? — you may \well ask! he should have been here hours ago! wo ist Pete? — das kannst du laut fragen! er hätte schon seit Stunden hier sein sollen!I couldn't very \well refuse the offer ich konnte das Angebot ja wohl schlecht ablehnenhe may \well wonder why no one was there — he forgot to confirm the date er braucht sich [gar] nicht zu wundern, warum keiner da war — er hat vergessen, den Termin fest zu vereinbarenyou may \well think it was his fault es mag gut sein, dass es seine Schuld warit may \well be that... es ist gut möglich [o es kann gut sein], dass...he might \well be sick after that drinking spree es ist gut möglich, dass er nach dem Trinkgelage krank istit may \well be finished by tomorrow es kann gut sein, dass es morgen fertig istshe might \well be the best person to ask sie ist wahrscheinlich die Beste, die man fragen kannas \well auch; (and)... as \well as... und [auch]..., sowie gehinvite Emlyn — and Simon as \well lade Emlyn ein — und Simon auchI'll have the ice cream as \well as the cake ich nehme das Eis und auch den Kuchen[just] as \well ebenso gut [auch], eigentlich [auch]you might [just] as \well wash the dishes eigentlich könntest du das Geschirr abwaschenif you publish this, you may just as \well hand in your notice wenn du das veröffentlichst, kannst du ebenso gut auch gleich kündigen11.▶ to leave \well [AM enough] alone es lieber seinlassen▶ if you want a thing done \well, do it yourself ( saying) wenn du möchtest, dass etwas ordentlich erledigt wird, machst du es am besten selbstIII. interj (introducing, continuing a statement) nun [ja], also; (introducing a question) und; (showing hesitation, resignation) tja fam, na ja fam; (showing doubt, disagreement, annoyance) na fam; (showing surprise)\well [, \well]! sieh mal einer an!, na, so was!\well? what did you do next? und? was hast du dann gemacht?\well, \well... ja, ja...\well now [or then] ... also [dann]...oh \well, it doesn't matter ach [was], das macht doch nichtsvery \well... na gut...to wish sb \well jdm alles Gute [o jdm viel Glück] wünschenwell2[wel]I. nto drill a \well einen Brunnen bohrengas \well Gasbrunnen moil \well Ölquelle fto drill a \well einen Schacht bohren; (for oil) ein Bohrloch anlegenII. vitears \welled up in her eyes Tränen stiegen ihr in die Augen; ( fig)conflicting emotions \welled up in his heart widerstreitende Gefühle stiegen in seinem Herzen auf gehpride \welled up in his chest Stolz schwellte seine Brust geh[wi:l, wil]* * *I [wel]1. n1) (= water well) Brunnen m; (= oil well) Ölquelle f; (drilled) Bohrloch nt; (fig = source) Quelle fto sink a well — einen Brunnen bohren or anlegen or graben; (for oil) ein Bohrloch nt anlegen or vorantreiben
2) (= shaft) (for lift) Schacht m; (for stairs) Treppenschacht m; (down centre of staircase) Treppenhaus nt3) (of theatre) Parkett nt; (of auditorium) ebenerdiger Teil des Zuschauer-/Konferenz-/Versammlungsraums (Brit of court) Teil des Gerichtssaals, in dem die Rechtsanwälte und Protokollschreiber sitzen4) (= ink well) Tintenfass nt2. viquellen II comp better, superl best1. adv1) (= in a good or satisfactory manner) gutit is well painted (portrait) — es ist gut gemalt; (house, fence) es ist sauber or ordentlich angestrichen
he did it as well as he could/as I could have done — er machte es so gut er konnte/ebenso gut, wie ich es hätte machen können
he's doing well at school/in history — er ist gut or er kommt gut voran in der Schule/in Geschichte
mother and child are/the patient is doing well — Mutter und Kind/dem Patienten geht es gut, Mutter und Kind sind/der Patient ist wohlauf
if you do well you'll be promoted — wenn Sie sich bewähren, werden Sie befördert
you did well to help — du tatest gut daran zu helfen, es war gut, dass du geholfen hast
well done! — gut gemacht!, bravo!, sehr gut!
to do oneself well (inf) — es sich (dat) gut gehen lassen
everything went well/quite well — es ging alles gut or glatt (inf)/recht or ganz gut
2) (= favourably, fortunately) gutto speak/think well of sb — über jdn Gutes sagen/Positives denken, von jdm positiv sprechen/denken
to be well spoken of in certain circles/by one's colleagues — einen guten Ruf in gewissen Kreisen/bei seinen Kollegen haben
to do well out of sth — von etw ganz schön or ordentlich profitieren, bei etw gut wegkommen (inf)
you would do well to arrive early — Sie täten gut daran, früh zu kommen
are you coming? – I might as well — kommst du? – ach, könnte ich eigentlich (auch) (inf) or ach, warum nicht
3) (= thoroughly, considerably, to a great degree) gut, gründlichshake the bottle well (on medicine) —
he loved her too well to leave her (liter) — er liebte sie zu sehr, als dass er sie verlassen hätte
well and truly — (ganz) gründlich; married, settled in ganz richtig; (iro also) fest; westernized, conditioned
he was well away (inf) (= drunk) — er war in Fahrt or Schwung (inf) er hatte einen sitzen (inf)
well within... — durchaus in... (dat)
it continued well into 1996/the night — es zog sich bis weit ins Jahr 1996/in die Nacht hin
4) (= probably, reasonably) ohne Weiteres, gut, wohlI may well be late — es kann leicht or wohl or ohne Weiteres sein, dass ich spät komme
it may well be that... — es ist gut or wohl or ohne Weiteres möglich, dass...
she cried, as well she might — sie weinte, und das (auch) mit Grund or wozu sie auch allen Grund hatte
you may well ask! (iro) — das kann man wohl fragen
I couldn't very well stay — ich konnte schlecht bleiben, ich konnte wohl nicht mehr gut bleiben
5)(= in addition)
as well — auchx as well as y — x sowohl als auch y, x und auch y
6) (Brit inf= very)
well happy — total glücklich (inf)well annoyed — ganz schön verärgert (inf)
2. adj1) (= in good health) gesundI'm very well, thanks — danke, es geht mir sehr gut
he's not a well man — er ist gar nicht gesund
2) (= satisfactory, desirable, advantageous) gutall is not well with him/in the world — mit ihm/mit or in der Welt steht es nicht zum Besten
that's all very well, but... — das ist ja alles schön und gut, aber...
if that's the case, (all) well and good — wenn das der Fall ist, dann soll es mir recht sein
it's all very well for you to suggest... — Sie können leicht vorschlagen...
it's all very well for you, you don't have to... —
it was well for him that no-one found out — es war sein Glück, dass es niemand entdeckt hat
it would be as well to ask first — es wäre wohl besser or gescheiter (inf), sich erst mal zu erkundigen
it's just as well he came — es ist (nur or schon) gut, dass er gekommen ist
you're well out of that — seien Sie froh, dass Sie damit nichts mehr zu tun haben
all's well that ends well — Ende gut, alles gut
3. interjalso; (expectantly also) na; (doubtfully) na jawell, well!, well I never (did)! — also, so was!, na so was!
well now —
well, it was like this well there you are, that proves it! well, as I was saying — also, es war so or folgendermaßen na bitte or also bitte, das beweist es doch also, wie (bereits) gesagt
well then? — also (gut); (in question) na?, nun?, also?
very well then! — na gut, also gut!; (indignantly) also bitte (sehr)!
oh well, never mind — macht nichts
well, that's a relief! — na (also), das ist ja eine Erleichterung!
4. nGute(s) ntto wish sb well (in general) — jdm alles Gute wünschen; ( in an attempt, also iro ) jdm Glück wünschen (in bei)
I wish him well, but... — ich wünsche ihm nichts Böses, aber...
* * *well1 [wel] komp better [-betə(r)], sup best [best]A adv1. gut, wohl:a) gut versehen sein ( for mit),he is well off ihm geht es gut;do o.s. well, live well gut leben, es sich gut gehen lassen2. gut, recht, geschickt:well done! gut gemacht!, bravo!;well roared, lion! gut gebrüllt, Löwe!;sing well gut singen3. gut, günstig, vorteilhaft:a) gut abschneiden,b) Glück haben;if all goes well wenn alles gut geht, wenn nichts dazwischenkommt4. gut, freundschaftlich:think (speak) well of gut denken (sprechen) über (akk)5. gut, sehr, vollauf:be well pleased hocherfreut sein;it speaks well for him es spricht sehr für ihn6. wohl, mit gutem Grund:not very well wohl kaum;you cannot very well do that das kannst du nicht gut tun;I couldn’t very well say no ich konnte schlecht Nein sagen;7. recht, eigentlich, so richtig:he does not know well how er weiß nicht recht, wie8. gut, genau, gründlich:know sb well jemanden gut kennen;he knows only too well er weiß nur zu gut ( that dass);remember well sich gut erinnern an (akk)9. gut, ganz, völlig:he is well out of sight er ist völlig außer Sicht;be well out of sth etwas glücklich hinter sich gebracht haben10. gut, beträchtlich, ziemlich, weit:well away weit weg;he walked well ahead of them er ging ihnen ein gutes Stück voraus;he is well up in the list er steht weit oben auf der Liste;be well on in years nicht mehr der oder die Jüngste sein;well past fifty weit über 50;until well past midnight bis lange nach Mitternacht;well in advance schon lange vorher;he finished well back SPORT er endete weit abgeschlagen;11. gut, tüchtig, gründlich, kräftig:12. gut, mit Leichtigkeit, durchaus:you could well have done it du hättest es leicht tun können;it is very well possible es ist durchaus oder sehr wohl möglich;as well ebenso, außerdem;shall I bring the paper as well? soll ich auch die Zeitung bringen?;(just) as well ebenso (gut), genauso (gut);just as well Gott sei Dank! zum Glück!;just as well I had … zum Glück hatte ich …;as well … as sowohl … als auch; nicht nur …, sondern auch;B adj1. wohl, gesund:“get well soon!” (auf Karten) „gute Besserung!“;look well gesund aussehen;he isn’t a well man bes US er ist nicht gesund2. in Ordnung, richtig, gut:all is not well with him etwas ist nicht in Ordnung mit ihm;all will be well es wird sich alles wieder einrenken;all being well wenn alles gut geht, wenn nichts dazwischenkommt;I am very well where I am ich fühle mich sehr wohl;that is all very well, but das ist ja alles gut und schön, aber;it’s all very well for you to laugh du hast gut lachen;all’s well that ends well (Sprichwort) Ende gut, alles gut3. vorteilhaft, günstig, gut:it will be as well for her to know it es schadet ihr gar nichts, es zu wissen;that is just as well das ist schon gut so;well and good schön und gut4. ratsam, richtig, gut:well! (empört) na, hör mal!;well, who would have thought it? (erstaunt) wer hätte das gedacht?;well then nun (also);well then? (erwartend) na und?;well, here we are at last (erleichtert) so, da wären wir endlich;well, what should I say? (überlegend, zögernd) tja oder hm, was soll ich (da) sagen?, well, well! so, so!, (beruhigend) schon gut!D s (das) Gute:a) lass gut sein!,b) lass die Finger davon!;wish sb well jemandem alles Gute wünschenwell2 [wel]A s2. (auch Gas-, Öl) Quelle f3. Heilquelle f, Mineralbrunnen m4. fig (Ur)Quell m, Quelle f, Ursprung m5. Ölgewinnung etc: Bohrloch n6. ARCHa) (Aufzugs- etc) Schacht mb) Treppenauge n7. SCHIFFa) TECH Pumpensod mb) Buhne f, Fischbehälter m (im Fischerboot)8. JUR Br Platz für Anwälte im Gerichtssaalwell up aufsteigen (Flüssigkeit etc);tears welled up in her eyes die Tränen stiegen ihr in die Augen;hatred welled up within him Hass stieg in ihm auf* * *I noun1) (water well, mineral spring) Brunnen, derII 1. interjection1) (expr. astonishment) mein Gott; meine Güte; nanuwell, well! — sieh mal einer an!
2) (expr. relief) mein Gott3) (expr. concession) na jawell then, let's say no more about it — schon gut, reden wir nicht mehr davon
4) (expr. resumption) nunwell [then], who was it? — nun, wer war's?
5) (expr. qualified recognition of point)well[, but]... — na ja, aber...; ja schon, aber...
6) (expr. resignation)[oh] well — nun denn
7) (expr. expectation)2. adverb,well [then]? — na?
1) (satisfactorily) gutyou did well to come — gut, dass du gekommen bist
you would do well to... — Sie täten gut daran, zu...
you're well out of it — es ist gut, dass du damit nichts mehr zu tun hast
2) (thoroughly) gründlich [trocknen, polieren, schütteln]; tüchtig [verprügeln]; genau [beobachten]; gewissenhaft [urteilen]be well able to do something — durchaus od. sehr wohl in der Lage sein, etwas zu tun
I'm well aware of what has been going on — mir ist sehr wohl klar od. bewusst, was sich abgespielt hat
let or leave well alone — sich zufrieden geben
well out of sight — (very far off) völlig außer Sichtweite (of Gen.)
I know only too well how/what etc.... — ich weiß nur zu gut, wie/was usw....
3) (considerably) weithe is well past or over retiring age — er hat schon längst das Rentenalter erreicht
he is well past or over forty — er ist weit über vierzig
be well away — (lit. or fig.) einen guten Vorsprung haben; (coll.): (be drunk) ziemlich benebelt sein (ugs.)
4) (approvingly, kindly) gut, anständig [jemanden behandeln]think well of somebody/something — eine gute Meinung von jemandem/etwas haben
speak well of somebody/something — sich positiv über jemanden/etwas äußern
5) (in all likelihood) sehr wohl6) (easily) ohne weiteresyou cannot very well refuse their help — du kannst ihre Hilfe nicht ohne weiteres od. nicht gut ausschlagen
7)as well — (in addition) auch; ebenfalls; (as much, not less truly) genauso; ebenso; (with equal reason) genauso gut; ebenso gut; (advisable) ratsam; (equally well) genauso gut
Coming for a drink? - I might as well — Kommst du mit, einen trinken? - Warum nicht?
that is [just] as well — (not regrettable) um so besser
it was just as well that I had... — zum Glück hatte ich...
A as well as B — B und auch [noch] A
3. adjectiveas well as helping or (coll.) help me, she continued her own work — sie half mir und machte dabei noch mit ihrer eigenen Arbeit weiter
1) (in good health) gesundHow are you feeling now? - Quite well, thank you — Wie fühlen Sie sich jetzt? - Ganz gut, danke
2) pred. (satisfactory)all's well that ends well — (prov.) Ende gut, alles gut
all is not well with somebody/something — mit jemandem/etwas ist etwas nicht in Ordnung
[that's all] well and good — [das ist alles] gut und schön
3) pred. (advisable) ratsam* * *adj.gesund adj.gut adj.gänzlich adj.wohl adj. expr.Nun! ausdr.gänzlich ausdr.wohl ausdr. n.Brunnen - m. -
4 HUNDRAÐ
(pl. hundruð), n. hundred; tírœtt h. = 100; tólfrœtt h. = 120; hundruðum, by (in) hundreds; as value, one hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal; h. frítt, a hundred paid in cattle; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark-striped wadmal; hundrað silfrs, ? the silver value of 120 ells (= 20 ounces).* * *n. pl. hundruð; the form hund- (q. v.) only occurs in a few old compd words: [Goth. hunda, pl.; A. S. hund; O. H. G. hunt; the extended form in Hel. and old Frank, hundered; Germ. hundert; Dan. hundrede; Swed. hundra; the inflexive syllable is prob. akin to - ræðr in átt-ræðr]:—a hundred; the Scandinavians of the heathen time (and perhaps also all Teutonic people) seem to have known only a duo-decimal hundred (= 12 × 10 or 120); at that time 100 was expressed by tíu-tíu, cp. Ulf. taihun-taihund = ten-teen; Pal Vídalín says,—hundrað tólfrætt er sannlega frá heiðni til vor komið, en hið tíræða er líkast að Norðrlönd hafi ekki vitað af fyrr en Kristni kom hér og með henni lærdómr þeirrar aldar, Skýr. s. v. Hundrað (fine): but with the introduction of Christianity came in the decimal hundred, the two being distinguished by adjectives,—tólfrætt hundrað = 120, and tírætt hundrað = 100. But still the old popular duodecimal system continued in almost all matters concerned with economical or civil life, in all law phrases, in trade, exchange, property, value, or the like, and the decimal only in ecclesiastical or scholastic matters (chronology, e. g. Íb. ch. 1, 10). At the same time the word in speech and writing was commonly used without any specification of tírætt or tólfrætt, for, as Pal Vídalín remarks, every one acquainted with the language knew which was meant in each case; even at the present time an Icel. farmer counts his flocks and a fisherman his share (hlutr) by the duodecimal system; and everybody knows that a herd or share of one hundred and a half means 120 + 60 = 180. In old writers the popular way of counting is now and then used even in chronology and in computation, e. g. when Ari Frode (Íb. ch. 4) states that the year consists of three hundred and four days (meaning 364); the census of franklins given by the same writer (where the phrase is hundruð heil = whole or full hundreds) is doubtless reckoned by duodecimal, not decimal hundreds, Íb. ch. 10; and in the census of priests and churches taken by bishop Paul (about A. D. 1200) ‘tíræð’ is expressively added, lest duodecimal hundreds should be understood, Bs. i. 136. The Landn. (at end) contains a statement (from Ari?) that Iceland continued pagan for about a hundred years, i. e. from about 874–997 A. D. In the preface to Ólafs S., Snorri states that two duodecimal hundreds (tvau hundruð tólfræð) elapsed from the first colonisation of Iceland before historical writing began (i. e. from about A. D. 874–1115): levies of ships and troops are in the laws and Sagas counted by duodecimal hundreds, e. g. the body-guard of king Olave consisted of a hundred hirð-men, sixty house-carles and sixty guests, in all ‘two hundred’ men, i. e. 240, Mork. 126; the sons of earl Strút-Harald had a hundred men, of whom eighty were billetted out and forty returned, Fms. xi. 88, 89; hálft hundrað, a half hundred = sixty, Mork. l. c.2. a division of troops = 120; hundraðs-flokkr, Fms. vi. (in a verse).II. in indef. sense, hundreds, a host, countless number, see hund-, as also in the adverb, phrase, hundruðum, by hundreds (indefinitely), Fms. vi. 407, Þiðr. 275, 524: in mod. usage as adjective and indecl., except the pl. in -uð, thus hundruð ásauðum, Dipl. iv. 10.B. As value, a hundred, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal, and then simply value to that amount (as a pound sterling in English). All property, real as well as personal, is even at present in Icel. taxed by hundreds; thus an estate is a ‘twenty, sixty, hundred’ estate; a franklin gives his tithable property as amounting to so and so many hundreds. As for the absolute value of a hundred, a few statements are sufficient, thus e. g. a milch cow, or six ewes with lambs, counts for a hundred, and a hundrað and a kúgildi (cow’s value) are equal: the charge for the alimentation of a pauper for twelve months was in the law (Jb. 165) fixed to four hundred and a half for a male person, but three hundred and a half for a female; cp. also the phrase, það er ekki hundrað í hættunni, there is no hundred at stake, no great risk! In olden times a double standard was used,—the wool or wadmal standard, called hundrað talið = a hundred by tale, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells as stated above, and a silver standard, called hundrað vegit, a hundred by weight, or hundrað silfrs, a hundred in silver, amounting to two marks and a half = twenty ounces = sixty örtugar; but how the name hundred came to be applied to it is not certain, unless half an örtug was taken as the unit. It is probable that originally both standards were identical, which is denoted by the phrase, sex álna eyrir, six ells to an ounce, or a hundred and twenty ells equal to twenty ounces (i. e. wadmal and silver at par); but according as the silver coinage was debased, the phrases varied between nine, ten, eleven, twelve ells to an ounce (N. G. L. i. 80, 81, 387, 390, passim), which denote bad silver; whereas the phrase ‘three ells to an ounce’ (þriggja álna eyrir, Sturl. i. 163, passim, or a hundred in wadmal equal to half a hundred in silver) must refer either to a double ell or to silver twice as pure: the passage in Grág. i. 500 is somewhat obscure, as also Rd. 233: the words vegin, silfrs, or talin are often added, but in most cases no specification is given, and the context must shew which of the two standards is there meant; the wool standard is the usual one, but in cases of weregild the silver standard seems always to be understood; thus a single weregild (the fine for a man’s life) was one hundred, Njála passim.2. the phrases, hundrað frítt, a hundred paid in cattle, Finnb. 236; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark striped wadmal, Nj. 225; hundrað í búsgögnum ok í húsbúningi, Vm. 65; hundraðs-gripr, hestr, hross, kapall, hvíla, sæng, rekkja, psaltari, etc., a beast, a horse, a bed, etc., of a hundred’s value, Am. 2, 10, Vm. 25, 39, 60, 153, Jm. 3, 30; hundraðs-úmagi, a person whose maintenance costs a hundred, Vm. 156; hundraðs virði, a hundred’s value, 68. For references see the Sagas and laws passim, and for more information see Mr. Dasent’s Essay in Burnt Njal.C. A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common to all Teut. nations, but is most freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hundreds made a hérað or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl. hundred, Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm’s Rechts Alterthümer; the centum pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably the Roman writer’s misconception of the Teut. division of land into hundreds; this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local names Fjaðrunda-land, Áttundaland, and Tíunda-land, qs. Fjaðr-hunda land, Átthunda land, Tíhunda land, i. e. a combination of four, eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a community of a hundred and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in Icel. -
5 le
le [lə]━━━━━━━━━1. article2. pronoun━━━━━━━━━, la [la]━━━━━━━━━1. article2. pronoun━━━━━━━━━1. <━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. theb. ( = par) a• 50 € le mètre 50 euros a metre• 50 € le litre 50 euros a litrec. (fraction) ad. (dans les généralisations, avec les noms non comptables)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► L'article défini français n'est pas traduit en anglais dans les généralisations, avec les noms non comptables et dans certaines expressions de temps.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━e. (possession)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque l'article se réfère à une partie du corps d'une personne définie, il se traduit généralement par le possessif, sauf après to have.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━2. <━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. (objet direct) ( = chose, animal dont on ignore le sexe) it ; ( = homme, enfant ou animal mâle) him ; ( = femme, enfant ou animal femelle) her• une araignée ! tue-la ! a spider! kill it!• je te prête cette robe, mets-la pour aller à la fête I'll lend you this dress, you can wear it to the party• voilà Jean, regarde-le, il est en pyjama there's Jean, look at him, he's in his pyjamasb. ( = cela) it• il était ministre, il ne l'est plus he used to be a minister but he isn't any longer• appelle-les ! call them!* * *
1.
1) ( avec complément de nom)la jupe/fille de ma sœur — my sister's skirt/daughter
3) ( avec un nom d'espèce)l'homme préhistorique/de Cro-Magnon — prehistoric/Cro-Magnon man
4) ( avec un nom propre)la Saint-Michel — St. Michael's day
5) ( avec un adjectif)7) (pour donner un prix, une fréquence etc) a, an8) ( dans les exclamations)
2.
pronom personnelje ne le/la/les comprends pas — I don't understand him/her/them
3.
pronom neutre1) ( complément)je le savais — ( j'étais au courant) I knew; ( j'aurais dû m'en douter) I knew it
si je ne le fais pas, qui le fera? — if I don't do it, who will?
je le croyais aussi, mais... — I thought so too, but...
si c'est lui qui le dit... — if he says so...
‘ils auront fini demain’ - ‘espérons-le!’ — ‘they'll have finished tomorrow’ - ‘let's hope so!’
2) ( attribut)‘est-elle satisfaite?’ - ‘je ne crois pas qu'elle le soit’ — ‘is she satisfied?’ - ‘I don't think so’
••
le, la, les article défini se traduit par the (invariable) quand le nom qu'il précède est déterminé par un contexte supposé connu de l'interlocuteur: passe-moi le sel = pass me the salt; le déjeuner d'anniversaire = the birthday lunch; le courage de faire = the courage to doIl ne se traduit pas quand ce nom exprime une généralité ou que son contexte est indéterminé: le sel de mer = sea salt; pendant le déjeuner = during lunch; le courage seul ne suffit pas = courage alone isn't enough- the se prononce ðə devant consonne et h aspiré, ðɪ devant voyelle et h muet (hour, honest, honour [BrE], heir), et ði: quand il est employé de manière emphatique pour indiquer l'excellence (comme le en français dans c'est le poète de la liberté)- Sont traités ci-dessous les cas où l'article se traduit différemment de the, ou ne se traduit pas, ou se rend par une structure particulière, à l'exclusion de ceux qui sont développés dans les notes d'usage répertoriées, notamment celles concernant les jours de la semaine, maladies, jeux, nationalités, langues, pays, nombres, titres etc- Dans la composition du superlatif, l'anglais ne répète pas l'article: l'homme le plus riche/intelligent du monde = the richest/most intelligent man in the world- Les noms de plat sur un menu ne prennent pas d'article: le steak au poivre vert = steak with green peppercorns- Il n'y a pas d'article après whose: les enfants dont la mère... = the children whose mother...- L'article se traduit avec les noms d'inventions: la charrue = the plough GB ou plow US; l'ordinateur = the computer, voir également la note- Noter: la Terre est ronde = the earth is round mais sur la planète Terre = on planet Earth et au contraire de la Terre, Mars... = unlike Earth, Mars...Le pronom personnel se traduit selon le genre et le nombre de l'antécédent en anglais: him pour représenter une personne de sexe masculin, un animal familier mâle; her pour une personne de sexe féminin, un animal familier femelle, un bateau, un véhicule qu'on aime bien ou dont on parle avec ironie; it pour une chose, un concept, un pays, une institution, un animal; them pour un antécédent pluriel* * *l la (la) l' (devant un nom commençant par une voyelle ou un h muet) les pl1. art déf1) theJe déteste la violence. — I hate violence.
Évitez de vous laver le visage avec du savon. — Avoid washing your face with soap.
4) (moment, date)le jeudi (d'habitude) — on Thursdays, (= ce jeudi-là) on Thursday
Nous venons le 3 décembre. — We're coming on 3 December.
Il est arrivé le douze mai. — He arrived on 12 May.
5)6) (fraction)2. pronJe le vois. — I can see him.
Je la vois. — I can see her.
Je les vois. — I can see them.
Daniel est un vieil ami: je le connais depuis plus de vingt ans. — Daniel is an old friend: I've known him for over 20 years.
C'est une femme intelligente: je l'admire beaucoup. — She's an intelligent woman: I admire her very much.
La chatte miaule, je vais la nourrir. — The cat's miaowing, I'll go and feed her.
Je les envie. — I envy them.
2) (chose, abstraction, animal dont on ignore le sexe) (singulier) it, (pluriel) themC'est une bonne émission: je la regarde toutes les semaines. — It's a good programme: I watch it every week.
Où est mon stylo? Je ne le trouve plus. — Where's my pen? I can't find it.
"Où est le fromage?" - - "Je l'ai mis au frigo." — "Where's the cheese?" - - "I've put it in the fridge."
Un lézard! Je vais le prendre en photo. — A lizard! I'll take a photo of it.
Tes lunettes? Je les vois. — Your glasses? I can see them.
Je ne le savais pas. — I didn't know.
Il était riche et ne l'est plus. — He was once rich but no longer is.
* * *A art déf1 ( avec complément de nom) la jupe/fille de ma sœur my sister's skirt/daughter; les chapitres du livre the chapters of the book; la table de la cuisine the kitchen table;2 ( en parlant d'une personne) il est arrivé les mains dans les poches he came with his hands in his pockets; elle s'est cogné le bras she banged her arm; elle m'a pris par le bras she took me by the arm; elle a reçu une tomate dans l'œil a tomato hit her in the eye;3 ( avec un nom d'espèce) l'homme préhistorique/de Cro-Magnon prehistoric/Cro-Magnon man; l'araignée n'est pas un insecte spiders are not insects, the spider isn't an insect; les droits de l'enfant children's rights; elle aime les chevaux she likes horses;4 ( avec un nom propre) les Dupont the Duponts; les Newton, Einstein et autres génies the Newtons, Einsteins and other geniuses; la Marion○ ( femme) Marion; la Fleurette (vache, jument) old Fleurette; Le Caravage Caravaggio; la Caballé Caballé; la Noël Christmas; la Saint-Michel St. Michael's day; le roi Olaf King Olaf; j'ai acheté le Cézanne/la Volvo® I bought the Cézanne/the Volvo®;5 ( avec un adjectif) je prendrai la bleue/la plus foncée I'll take the blue one/the darkest one; le ridicule de cette affaire what is ridiculous about this matter; les pauvres the poor; Pierre le Grand Peter the Great;6 ( avec préposition et nombre) arriver sur or vers les 11 heures to arrive about 11 o'clock; coûter dans les 20 euros to cost about 20 euros; il doit avoir dans la cinquantaine he must be about fifty;7 (pour donner un prix, une fréquence etc) a, an; 5 euros le kilo/la douzaine 5 euros a kilo/a dozen; trois fois la semaine/l'an three times a week/a year;8 ( dans les exclamations) l'imbécile! the fool!; ah, l'imbécile! what a fool!; la pauvre! the poor thing!; la méchante! the naughty girl!; (oh) la jolie robe! what a pretty dress!B pron pers je ne le/la/les comprends pas I don't understand him/her/them.C pron neutre1 ( complément) je le savais ( je suis au courant) I knew; ( j'aurais dû m'en douter) I knew it; je ne veux pas le savoir I don't want to know (about it); si je ne le fais pas, qui le fera? if I don't do it, who will?; je le croyais aussi, mais… I thought so too, but…; si c'est lui qui le dit… if HE says so…; tu vois, je te l'avais dit! you see, I told you so!; je te l'avais bien dit qu'il avait tort I did tell you that he was wrong; ‘ils auront fini demain’-‘espérons-le!’ ‘they'll have finished tomorrow’-‘let's hope so!’; comme tu peux bien l'imaginer, le train avait du retard as you can well imagine, the train was late;2 ( attribut) ‘est-elle satisfaite?’-‘je ne crois pas qu'elle le soit’ ‘is she satisfied?’-‘I don't think she is’ ou ‘I don't think so’; le jardin n'était pas entretenu, maintenant il l'est the garden GB ou yard US wasn't tidy, now it is.[lə] (devant voyelle ou 'h' muet l' [l], féminin la [la], pluriel les [le]) déterminant (article défini)1. [avec un nom commun] the2. [dans le temps][devant une date]le 15 janvier 1991 15 January, 1991a. he came to see us on the 15th of August ou on August the 15thb. [par écrit] he came to see us on August 153. [dans les fractions] a, anle quart/tiers de a quarter/third of4. [avec un sens distributif]deux euros le kilo two euros a ou per kilole docteur reçoit le lundi et le vendredi ou les lundis et vendredis the doctor sees patients on Monday and Friday ou Mondays and Fridays5. [avec valeur d'adjectif démonstratif]6. [avec une valeur expressive] what an ou aalors, les amis, comment ça va? well, folks, how are you?7. [avec valeur d'adjectif possessif]le chapeau sur la tête her/his etc. hat on his/her etc. head8. [avec une valeur généralisante]le cheval, comme d'autres mammifères... the horse ou horses, like other mammals...9. [marquant l'approximation]vers les 4 h about ou around 4 o'clock10. [avec un nom propre] theles Bourbons, les Stuarts the Bourbons, the Stuarts————————1. [complément d'objet - homme] him ; [ - femme, nation, bateau] her ; [ - chose, animal] it ; [ - bébé, animal domestique] him, her, itce bordeaux, je l'ai déjà goûté I've already tasted this ou that Bordeauxil l'a probablement oublié, ton livre he's probably forgotten your book ou that book of yours2. [représentant une proposition]elle est partie hier soir, du moins je l'ai entendu dire she left last night, at least that's what I've heardallez, dis-le-lui go on, tell him (about it)3. [comme attribut]pour être timide, ça, il l'est! boy, is he shy!, talk about shy! -
6 well
I [wel]2) (in satisfactory state) benethat's all very well, but — è tutto molto bello, però
it's all very well for you to laugh, but — tu fai presto a ridere, ma
3) (prudent)it would be as well for you to... — faresti meglio a
4) (fortunate)it was just as well for him that... — gli è andata bene che...
II [wel]the flight was delayed, which was just as well — per fortuna il volo era in ritardo
1) (satisfactorily) [treat, behave, sleep etc.] beneto do oneself well — trattarsi bene, non farsi mancare nulla
to do well by sb. — mostrarsi gentile con qcn., comportarsi bene con qcn
I can well believe it — credo bene, ci credo
"shall I shut the door?" - "you might as well" — "chiudo la porta?" - "fai pure"
he looked shocked, as well he might — sembrava scioccato, e non c'è da stupirsi
3) (intensifier) bento speak well of sb. — parlare bene di qcn
5)to wish sb. well — augurare ogni bene a qcn
6)as well as — (in addition to) così come
••to be well in with sb. — colloq. stare bene con qcn.
to be well up in sth. — conoscere bene qcs.
to leave well alone — BE o
well enough alone — AE (not get involved) non metterci le mani
III [wel]you're well out of it! — colloq. per fortuna ne sei fuori!
interiezione (expressing astonishment) beh; (expressing indignation, disgust) insomma; (expressing disappointment) bene; (after pause in conversation, account) allorawell, you may be right — beh, forse hai ragione
well then, what's the problem? — allora, qual è il problema?
oh well, there's nothing I can do about it — beh, non posso farci niente
IV [wel]well, well, well, so you're off to America? — e così parti per l'America?
1) (in ground) pozzo m.2) (pool) sorgente f., fonte f.3) ing. (for stairs, lift) vano m.4) BE (in law court) = spazio riservato ai difensoriV [wel]- well up* * *(to have a good, or bad, opinion of: She thought highly of him and his poetry.) (avere una buona/cattiva opinione di)* * *I [wɛl]1. n2. vi(tears, emotions) sgorgare•- well upII [wɛl] better comp best superl1. adv1) (gen) benewell done! — ben fatto!, bravo (-a)!
well over a thousand — molto or ben più di mille
all or only too well — anche troppo bene
he's well away — (fam: drunk) è completamente andato
2)(probably, reasonably)
we might just as well have... — tanto valeva...she cried, as well she might — piangeva a buon diritto
one might well ask why... — ci si potrebbe ben chiedere perché...
I might or may as well come — quasi quasi vengo
3)as well — (in addition) anche
she sings, as well as playing the piano — oltre a suonare il piano, canta
we worked hard, but we had some fun as well — abbiamo lavorato sodo, ma ci siamo anche divertiti
2. adj1)to be well — stare bene2) (acceptable, satisfactory) buono (-a)that's all very well, but... — va benissimo, ma..., d'accordo, ma...
3. excl(gen) bene, (resignation, hesitation) be'well, as I was saying... — dunque, come stavo dicendo...
well, well, well! — ma guarda un po'!
very well then — va bene, molto bene
very well, if that's the way you want it — (unenthusiastic) va bene, se questo è quello che vuoi
well I never! — ma no!, ma non mi dire!
well there you are then! — ecco, hai visto!
it's enormous! Well, quite big anyway — è gigantesco! Be', diciamo molto grande
4. nto wish sb well — augurare ogni bene a qn, (in exam, new job) augurare a qn di riuscire
* * *well (1) /wɛl/n.1 pozzo: artesian well, pozzo artesiano; oil wells, pozzi petroliferi; to sink a well, scavare un pozzo5 (naut.) pozzo delle pompe● (naut.) well boat, (barca) vivaio □ well borer, scavatore di pozzi; (ind. min.) sonda-trivella □ well-boring, che scava pozzi □ (ind. min.) well core, carota □ well-curb, vera (di pozzo) □ (naut.) well deck, ponte a pozzo (per es., di aliscafo) □ (ind. min.) well drilling, trivellazione; sondaggio □ well-hole, pozzo; (edil.) tromba (o pozzo) delle scale □ (metall.) the well of a blast furnace, il crogiolo di un altoforno □ well sinker, scavatore di pozzi □ well sweep, pertica del pozzo; shaduf, sciaduf □ well water, acqua di pozzo.♦ well (2) /wɛl/1 bene; attentamente; diligentemente; rettamente; con cura; a fondo; completamente: to sleep well, dormire bene; to speak well of sb., parlar bene di q.; Stir it well before you drink it, rimescolalo bene prima di berlo; Green and yellow go well together, il verde e il giallo stanno bene insieme; to treat sb. well, trattar bene q.; The work is well done, il lavoro è fatto bene; DIALOGO → - After an exam- I think I answered the questions quite well, credo di aver risposto abbastanza bene a tutte le domande; to know sb. well, conoscer bene q.; conoscere a fondo q.2 bene; a ragione: You may well say so, puoi ben dirlo; You did well to stay at home, hai fatto bene a restare a casa; You can't very well back out now, non puoi tirarti indietro adesso a ragione● (fam.) well and truly, del tutto; completamente □ (fam.) well and truly drunk, ubriaco fradicio □ well away, avanti (nel fare qc.); a buon punto; (pop.) bell'e che andato ( cioè ubriaco o addormentato) □ to be well on in life, essere avanti con gli anni □ It's well on midday, è quasi mezzogiorno □ to be well out of it, essersela cavata a buon mercato; esserne fuori □ to be well past forty [fifty, sixty], aver passato la quarantina [la cinquantina, la sessantina] da un pezzo □ to be well up in st., essere al corrente di qc.; conoscere bene qc. □ as well, anche; pure: I shall come as well, verrò io pure; DIALOGO → - Booking online- We might as well book now, potremmo anche (o tanto vale) prenotare adesso NOTA D'USO: - also / too- □ as well as, così come; tanto quanto; non solo ma anche; come pure: He gave me shelter as well as food, mi diede non solo asilo, ma anche da sfamarmi □ to come off well, ( di persona) cavarsela, uscirne bene; ( di cosa) riuscir bene; (fam.) fare una bella figura □ to do well, fare bene ( nella vita, ecc.): Your son will do well, tuo figlio farà bene (o si farà strada) □ to do oneself well, trattarsi bene; non farsi mancar nulla □ to do well out of the sale of one's car, vendere bene la propria automobile □ to examine st. well, esaminare qc. a fondo □ just as well = (That's) just as well ► sotto □ to live well, vivere nell'agiatezza; passarsela bene □ to look well, guardar bene; cercare attentamente; ( anche: di persona) stare bene, fare la propria figura; ( di cosa) stare bene: Jane looks well in green, Jane sta bene vestita di verde; Does this tie look well on me?, mi sta bene questa cravatta? □ perfectly well, alla perfezione; perfettamente □ pretty well finished, quasi finito □ to receive sb. well, fare buona accoglienza a q. □ (impers.) to speak well for sb., far onore a q.: It speaks well for him that he refused, gli fa onore l'aver rifiutato □ to stand well with sb., essere in buoni rapporti con q.; essere nelle buone grazie di q. □ very well, benissimo: You've done your homework very well, hai fatto benissimo i tuoi compiti □ DIALOGO → - Business trip 2- Well done!, ben fatto!; bravo! □ Well met!, proprio te!; che piacere incontrarti! □ Well run! hai fatto un'ottima corsa!; bravo! □ That boy will do well ( in life), quel ragazzo si farà strada (nella vita) □ Look well to yourself, bada a te!; sta' bene attento! □ You might ( just) as well throw your money away, tanto varrebbe che i tuoi soldi li buttassi via □ ( That's) just as well, poco male!; meglio così!; pazienza!; fa lo stesso! □ (prov.) Well begun is half done, chi ben comincia è a metà dell'opera □ (prov.) Let well ( enough) alone, il meglio è nemico del bene.♦ well (3) /wɛl/1 bene; in buona salute; in buone condizioni: Is he well or ill?, sta bene o è malato?; I am feeling well today, oggi mi sento bene; I am perfectly well, sto benissimo; DIALOGO → - Greetings and other useful phrases- I'm very well, thank you, sto molto bene, grazie; fairly (o reasonably) well, abbastanza bene2 bene; opportuno; consigliabile; utile; giusto; bello: It would be well to inquire, sarebbe bene indagareB a. attr.● well and good!, d'accordo!; sta bene!; alla buon'ora! □ well enough, abbastanza bene; benino; discretamente: I am well enough, sto abbastanza bene □ to be well off, passarsela bene; essere in buone condizioni finanziarie □ to be well up in Latin, essere forte in latino □ to get well ( again), guarire; ristabilirsi; DIALOGO → - Feeling ill- Get well soon!, guarisci presto! □ to look well (o to be looking well), avere una bella cera (o un bell'aspetto) □ (iron.) It's all very well … but, sta bene… ma □ All's well, tutto a posto!; tutto bene! □ (prov.) All's well that ends well, tutto è bene quel che finisce bene.well (4) /wɛl/n. [u]● It was well for her that you were present, fu una fortuna (fam.: un bene) per lei che tu fossi presente.♦ well (5) /wɛl/inter.beh; ebbene; dunque; allora: Well, what shall we do now?, beh, e ora che facciamo?; Well, what about it?, ebbene, che ne dici?; Well, as I was saying…, dunque, come stavo dicendo…; Well then?, e allora?, e poi?; e con ciò?● well, but, sì, ma: Well, but what about the others?, sì, ma gli altri? □ Very well!, benissimo!; benone!; d'accordo!; ( anche) fa pure!; staremo a vedere! □ Well, I see, bene, bene; capisco □ Well, to be sure!, ma certo!; questa sì che è bella!; ( con incredulità) ma no!; davvero? □ Well, I never!, chi l'avrebbe mai detto?; ma no!; impossibile!well (6) /wɛl/pref.(in numerosi composti, quali:) well-adjusted, ben inserito ( nel lavoro, nella società); well-advised, saggio; prudente: a well-advised decision, una decisione saggia; well-appointed, bene attrezzato; bene arredato; ben equipaggiato: a well-appointed office, un ufficio bene arredato; well-balanced, ben proporzionato; bilanciato; equilibrato: (med.) a well-balanced diet, una dieta bilanciata; a well-balanced mind, una mente equilibrata; ( boxe, lotta, ecc.) well-balanced stance, positura bene impostata; buona impostazione della posizione; well-behaved, educato, beneducato; well-beloved, beneamato; amatissimo; well-born, bennato, di buona famiglia; well-bred, ( di persona) educato, beneducato; ( di cavallo, ecc.) di razza; ( di un uomo) well-built, ben piantato; ben messo; well-chosen, scelto bene, appropriato; well-conditioned, onesto, retto; ( di animale) sano; well-conducted, bene costumato, che si comporta bene, disciplinato; ( di azienda, ecc.) gestito bene, bene organizzato; well-connected, di buon parentado; che ha buone relazioni sociali (o commerciali); ( del gioco) well-constructed, ben costruito; articolato; ( di un giocatore) well-coordinated, coordinato; che ha una buona coordinazione; well-defined, ben definito; ( di concetto) chiaro, esplicito; well-deserved, meritato; giusto: well-deserved win, vittoria meritata; well-disposed, bendisposto, benevolo, favorevole; well-doer, chi fa del bene; persona virtuosa; well-doing, l'agir bene; la virtù; well-done, ben fatto; ( di cibo) ben cotto; well-dressed, ben vestito; well-earned, meritato: a well-earned reward, una ricompensa meritata; well-endowed, ben dotato ( fisicamente); superdotato; well established, ( di organo, potere, ecc.) solido, saldo; ( di costume) inveterato, radicato; ( di professionista) affermato; (arc.) well-favoured, bello, di bell'aspetto; well-fed, ben nutrito; well-found, bene attrezzato, ben equipaggiato; well-founded, fondato: well-founded charges, accuse fondate; (arc.) well-graced, aggraziato; attraente; well-groomed, attillato, azzimato; well-grounded, fondato; bene informato, competente, esperto; (fig. fam.) well-heeled, ricco, facoltoso, agiato; ( anche) bene organizzato, ben strutturato; (fam.) well-hung, ( d'abito) che cade bene, che sta bene; ( d'uomo) ben messo ( fisicamente); ben piantato; ( di donna) prosperosa, popputa (pop.); well-informed, bene informato; al corrente; well-intentioned, ben intenzionato; (fatto) a fin di bene; well-judged, pieno di discernimento, assennato, saggio; ( sport) calcolato bene; calibrato; well-kept, ben tenuto; tenuto bene; well-knit, ( di persona) forte, robusto, ben piantato; ( di ragionamento, ecc.) coerente; ( di edificio, ecc.) solido; well-known, notorio, noto; rinomato; well-liked, popolare, amato; well-lined, ( dello stomaco) pieno; ( del portafogli) gonfio; well-made, ben fatto; di belle fattezze; well-managed, gestito bene; condotto bene; well-mannered, educato, cortese, beneducato; well-marked, chiaro, distinto, evidente; well-matched, bene assortito; bene accoppiato; ( sport: di un incontro) equilibrato; ( di due contendenti) di pari forza, dello stesso valore; well-meaning, ben intenzionato; well-meant, fatto (o detto) a fin di bene; (form.) well-nigh, quasi, pressoché; well-off, agiato, benestante, ricco; messo bene ( in fatto di attrezzature, servizi, ecc.); (fam.) fortunato; well-oiled, bene oliato; (fig.) complimentoso, untuoso; ( slang) sbronzo; well-ordered, bene ordinato; well-organised, ben organizzato; well-placed, ben piazzato; ‘Well played!’, ‘bella giocata!’; ‘bravo!’; well-prepared, ( di un atleta) preparato bene; ( di un piano di gioco, ecc.) studiato bene; well-preserved, conservato bene, in buono stato; ( di persona) che si conserva bene, benportante; well-proportioned, ben proporzionato; well-read, che ha letto molto, colto, istruito; well-regulated, bene ordinato, disciplinato; well-reputed, stimato, che gode di buona fama; well-rounded, (ben) finito; completo; ben tornito; (fig.) eclettico; well-seasoned, ( di legno, ecc.) ben stagionato; ( di cibo) ben condito; (fig.: di persona) di grande esperienza; well-set, compatto, saldo, solido; ( di persona) ben messo, ben piantato, robusto; well-set-up, ben fatto, ben piantato, robusto; agiato, facoltoso, ricco; well-spent, speso bene: a well-spent life, una vita spesa bene; well-spoken, facondo, eloquente, raffinato nel parlare; detto (o pronunciato) bene; che parla bene; (org. az.) well-staffed, ben fornito di personale; well-taken, tirato (o battuto) bene; bello; well-thought-of, che gode della considerazione generale; stimato (o benvoluto) da tutti; well-thought-out, ( di una decisione, di un passo) ponderato, ben meditato; ( di un progetto) pensato bene, ben progettato; ( di un libro) well-thumbed, pieno di ditate; (fig.) molto compulsato; well-timed, tempestivo, opportuno; well-to-do, agiato, benestante, ricco; well-tried, provato, sperimentato, sicuro: well-tried remedies, rimedi sicuri; well-trodden, assai frequentato; ( di frase, ecc.) well-turned, ben tornito; well-watered, ( di un giardino, ecc.) ben annaffiato; (agric.) ben irrigato; well-wisher, persona che vuol bene (o che è affezionata); fautore, sostenitore; well-wishing, benaugurante; well-worn, consunto, logoro, liso, frusto, sdrucito; (fig.) comune, trito, banale, vieto: a well-worn tale, una storiella trita.(to) well /wɛl/v. i.( di solito to well up, out, forth) scaturire; sgorgare; pullulare; zampillare: Bitter tears welled from her eyes ( o up in her eyes), amare lacrime le sono sgorgate dagli occhi; Suddenly water welled up, d'improvviso zampillò l'acqua.* * *I [wel]2) (in satisfactory state) benethat's all very well, but — è tutto molto bello, però
it's all very well for you to laugh, but — tu fai presto a ridere, ma
3) (prudent)it would be as well for you to... — faresti meglio a
4) (fortunate)it was just as well for him that... — gli è andata bene che...
II [wel]the flight was delayed, which was just as well — per fortuna il volo era in ritardo
1) (satisfactorily) [treat, behave, sleep etc.] beneto do oneself well — trattarsi bene, non farsi mancare nulla
to do well by sb. — mostrarsi gentile con qcn., comportarsi bene con qcn
I can well believe it — credo bene, ci credo
"shall I shut the door?" - "you might as well" — "chiudo la porta?" - "fai pure"
he looked shocked, as well he might — sembrava scioccato, e non c'è da stupirsi
3) (intensifier) bento speak well of sb. — parlare bene di qcn
5)to wish sb. well — augurare ogni bene a qcn
6)as well as — (in addition to) così come
••to be well in with sb. — colloq. stare bene con qcn.
to be well up in sth. — conoscere bene qcs.
to leave well alone — BE o
well enough alone — AE (not get involved) non metterci le mani
III [wel]you're well out of it! — colloq. per fortuna ne sei fuori!
interiezione (expressing astonishment) beh; (expressing indignation, disgust) insomma; (expressing disappointment) bene; (after pause in conversation, account) allorawell, you may be right — beh, forse hai ragione
well then, what's the problem? — allora, qual è il problema?
oh well, there's nothing I can do about it — beh, non posso farci niente
IV [wel]well, well, well, so you're off to America? — e così parti per l'America?
1) (in ground) pozzo m.2) (pool) sorgente f., fonte f.3) ing. (for stairs, lift) vano m.4) BE (in law court) = spazio riservato ai difensoriV [wel]- well up -
7 В-111
на вид с (по) виду PrepP these forms only, adv or modif) the way (a person or thing) seems when perceived visuallylook (like)look to be AdjP -looking NP or AdjP) to look at to look at s.o. sth. from the looks of s.o. sth. in appearance give the appearance of... seemingly seem...to the eye look to the eye like... appear to the eye to be... on the outside.Только два человека, с виду похожие на мелких базарных торговцев, мирно пивши в углу кофе, не принимали никакого участия в этих сетованиях (Эренбург 2). Only two people, who looked like bazaar merchants, sitting quietly in their corner drinking coffee, took no part in any of these lamentations (2a).Они (посетители) вступили в комнату почти одновременно со старцем... В келье ещё раньше их дожидались выхода старца два скитские иеромонаха... Кроме того, ожидал, стоя в уголку (и всё время потом оставался стоя), молодой паренёк, лет двадцати двух на вид, в статском сюртуке... (Достоевский 1). They (the visitors) came into the room almost at the same moment as the elder....Two hieromonks of the hermitage were already in the cell awaiting the elder....Besides them, there stood in the corner (and remained standing there all the while) a young fellow who looked to be about twenty-two and was dressed in an ordinary frock coat... (1a).Слушая его щёлкающую речь и глядя на его аккуратные черты, трудно было представить себе внежизненный опыт этого здорового с виду, кругленького... человека... (Набоков 1)....When one listened to his sprightly speech and looked at his regular features, it was difficult to imagine the unearthly experiences of this healthy-looking, plump little man... (1a).Вероятно, я был в те времена очень жалким на вид - болезненный, бледный, маленький (Олеша 3). Probably I was at that time rather pitiful to look at: sickly, pale, small (3a).На вид Пастернаку можно было дать не более 47-48 лет (Ивинская 1). То look at him one would not have given Pasternak more than forty-seven or forty-eight (1a)....Ведь вы молоды, вам на вид не дашь и шестнадцати (Соколов 1)....You're young, after all, from the looks of you you're not more than sixteen (1a).Пьер почти не изменился в своих внешних приемах. На вид он был точно таким же, каким он был прежде (Толстой 7). Outwardly Pierre had hardly changed at all. In appearance he was just the same as before (7a).И хотя с виду Лёва был спокоен и рассудителен, я видел, что он напряжён, как струна... (Рыбаков 1). Although Lyova gave the appearance of calm and common sense, I could tell he was under terrible strain... (1a).Вообще судя, странно было, что молодой человек, столь учёный, столь гордый и осторожный на вид, вдруг явился в такой безобразный дом... (Достоевский 1). Generally considered, it was strange that so learned, so proud, and seemingly so prudent a young man should suddenly appear in such a scandalous house... (1a).Пузыри газа лопались и подымались - гигантские, как целые планеты! И невесомые на вид (Обухова 1). Bubbles of gas burst and new up-enormous as planets, yet seeming weightless to the eye (1a). -
8 на вид
• НА ВИД; С <ПО> ВИДУ[PrepP; these forms only; adv or modif]=====⇒ the way (a person or thing) seems when perceived visually:- look (like);- look to be;- [AdjP]- looking;- [NP or AdjP] to look at;- to look at s.o. < sth.>;- from the looks of s.o. < sth.>;- give the appearance of...;- seemingly;- seem...to the eye;- look to the eye like...;- appear to the eye to be...;- on the outside.♦ Только два человека, с виду похожие на мелких базарных торговцев, мирно пивши в углу кофе, не принимали никакого участия в этих сетованиях (Эренбург 2). Only two people, who looked like bazaar merchants, sitting quietly in their corner drinking coffee, took no part in any of these lamentations (2a).♦ Они [посетители] вступили в комнату почти одновременно со старцем... В келье ещё раньше их дожидались выхода старца два скитские иеромонаха... Кроме того, ожидал, стоя в уголку (и всё время потом оставался стоя), молодой паренёк, лет двадцати двух на вид, в статском сюртуке... (Достоевский 1). They [the visitors] came into the room almost at the same moment as the elder....Two hieromonks of the hermitage were already in the cell awaiting the elder....Besides them, there stood in the comer (and remained standing there all the while) a young fellow who looked to be about twenty-two and was dressed in an ordinary frock coat... (1a).♦...Слушая его щёлкающую речь и глядя на его аккуратные черты, трудно было представить себе внежизненный опыт этого здорового с виду, кругленького... человека... (Набоков 1)....When one listened to his sprightly speech and looked at his regular features, it was difficult to imagine the unearthly experiences of this healthy-looking, plump little man... (1a).♦ Вероятно, я был в те времена очень жалким на вид - болезненный, бледный, маленький (Олеша 3). Probably I was at that time rather pitiful to look at: sickly, pale, small (3a).♦ На вид Пастернаку можно было дать не более 47-48 лет( Ивинская 1). То look at him one would not have given Pasternak more than forty-seven or forty-eight (1a).♦...Ведь вы молоды, вам на вид не дашь и шестнадцати (Соколов 1)....You're young, after all, from the looks of you you're not more than sixteen (1a).♦ Пьер почти не изменился в своих внешних приемах. На вид он был точно таким же, каким он был прежде (Толстой 7). Outwardly Pierre had hardly changed at all. In appearance he was just the same as before (7a).♦ И хотя с виду Лёва был спокоен и рассудителен, я видел, что он напряжён, как струна... (Рыбаков 1). Although Lyova gave the appearance of calm and common sense, I could tell he was under terrible strain... (1a).♦ Вообще судя, странно было, что молодой человек, столь учёный, столь гордый и осторожный на вид, вдруг явился в такой безобразный дом... (Достоевский 1). Generally considered, it was strange that so learned, so proud, and seemingly so prudent a young man should suddenly appear in such a scandalous house... (1a).♦ Пузыри газа лопались и подымались - гигантские, как целые планеты! И невесомые на вид (Обухова 1). Bubbles of gas burst and flew up-enormous as planets, yet seeming weightless to the eye (1a). -
9 по виду
• НА ВИД; С <ПО> ВИДУ[PrepP; these forms only; adv or modif]=====⇒ the way (a person or thing) seems when perceived visually:- look (like);- look to be;- [AdjP]- looking;- [NP or AdjP] to look at;- to look at s.o. < sth.>;- from the looks of s.o. < sth.>;- give the appearance of...;- seemingly;- seem...to the eye;- look to the eye like...;- appear to the eye to be...;- on the outside.♦ Только два человека, с виду похожие на мелких базарных торговцев, мирно пивши в углу кофе, не принимали никакого участия в этих сетованиях (Эренбург 2). Only two people, who looked like bazaar merchants, sitting quietly in their corner drinking coffee, took no part in any of these lamentations (2a).♦ Они [посетители] вступили в комнату почти одновременно со старцем... В келье ещё раньше их дожидались выхода старца два скитские иеромонаха... Кроме того, ожидал, стоя в уголку (и всё время потом оставался стоя), молодой паренёк, лет двадцати двух на вид, в статском сюртуке... (Достоевский 1). They [the visitors] came into the room almost at the same moment as the elder....Two hieromonks of the hermitage were already in the cell awaiting the elder....Besides them, there stood in the comer (and remained standing there all the while) a young fellow who looked to be about twenty-two and was dressed in an ordinary frock coat... (1a).♦...Слушая его щёлкающую речь и глядя на его аккуратные черты, трудно было представить себе внежизненный опыт этого здорового с виду, кругленького... человека... (Набоков 1)....When one listened to his sprightly speech and looked at his regular features, it was difficult to imagine the unearthly experiences of this healthy-looking, plump little man... (1a).♦ Вероятно, я был в те времена очень жалким на вид - болезненный, бледный, маленький (Олеша 3). Probably I was at that time rather pitiful to look at: sickly, pale, small (3a).♦ На вид Пастернаку можно было дать не более 47-48 лет( Ивинская 1). То look at him one would not have given Pasternak more than forty-seven or forty-eight (1a).♦...Ведь вы молоды, вам на вид не дашь и шестнадцати (Соколов 1)....You're young, after all, from the looks of you you're not more than sixteen (1a).♦ Пьер почти не изменился в своих внешних приемах. На вид он был точно таким же, каким он был прежде (Толстой 7). Outwardly Pierre had hardly changed at all. In appearance he was just the same as before (7a).♦ И хотя с виду Лёва был спокоен и рассудителен, я видел, что он напряжён, как струна... (Рыбаков 1). Although Lyova gave the appearance of calm and common sense, I could tell he was under terrible strain... (1a).♦ Вообще судя, странно было, что молодой человек, столь учёный, столь гордый и осторожный на вид, вдруг явился в такой безобразный дом... (Достоевский 1). Generally considered, it was strange that so learned, so proud, and seemingly so prudent a young man should suddenly appear in such a scandalous house... (1a).♦ Пузыри газа лопались и подымались - гигантские, как целые планеты! И невесомые на вид (Обухова 1). Bubbles of gas burst and flew up-enormous as planets, yet seeming weightless to the eye (1a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > по виду
-
10 с виду
• НА ВИД; С <ПО> ВИДУ[PrepP; these forms only; adv or modif]=====⇒ the way (a person or thing) seems when perceived visually:- look (like);- look to be;- [AdjP]- looking;- [NP or AdjP] to look at;- to look at s.o. < sth.>;- from the looks of s.o. < sth.>;- give the appearance of...;- seemingly;- seem...to the eye;- look to the eye like...;- appear to the eye to be...;- on the outside.♦ Только два человека, с виду похожие на мелких базарных торговцев, мирно пивши в углу кофе, не принимали никакого участия в этих сетованиях (Эренбург 2). Only two people, who looked like bazaar merchants, sitting quietly in their corner drinking coffee, took no part in any of these lamentations (2a).♦ Они [посетители] вступили в комнату почти одновременно со старцем... В келье ещё раньше их дожидались выхода старца два скитские иеромонаха... Кроме того, ожидал, стоя в уголку (и всё время потом оставался стоя), молодой паренёк, лет двадцати двух на вид, в статском сюртуке... (Достоевский 1). They [the visitors] came into the room almost at the same moment as the elder....Two hieromonks of the hermitage were already in the cell awaiting the elder....Besides them, there stood in the comer (and remained standing there all the while) a young fellow who looked to be about twenty-two and was dressed in an ordinary frock coat... (1a).♦...Слушая его щёлкающую речь и глядя на его аккуратные черты, трудно было представить себе внежизненный опыт этого здорового с виду, кругленького... человека... (Набоков 1)....When one listened to his sprightly speech and looked at his regular features, it was difficult to imagine the unearthly experiences of this healthy-looking, plump little man... (1a).♦ Вероятно, я был в те времена очень жалким на вид - болезненный, бледный, маленький (Олеша 3). Probably I was at that time rather pitiful to look at: sickly, pale, small (3a).♦ На вид Пастернаку можно было дать не более 47-48 лет( Ивинская 1). То look at him one would not have given Pasternak more than forty-seven or forty-eight (1a).♦...Ведь вы молоды, вам на вид не дашь и шестнадцати (Соколов 1)....You're young, after all, from the looks of you you're not more than sixteen (1a).♦ Пьер почти не изменился в своих внешних приемах. На вид он был точно таким же, каким он был прежде (Толстой 7). Outwardly Pierre had hardly changed at all. In appearance he was just the same as before (7a).♦ И хотя с виду Лёва был спокоен и рассудителен, я видел, что он напряжён, как струна... (Рыбаков 1). Although Lyova gave the appearance of calm and common sense, I could tell he was under terrible strain... (1a).♦ Вообще судя, странно было, что молодой человек, столь учёный, столь гордый и осторожный на вид, вдруг явился в такой безобразный дом... (Достоевский 1). Generally considered, it was strange that so learned, so proud, and seemingly so prudent a young man should suddenly appear in such a scandalous house... (1a).♦ Пузыри газа лопались и подымались - гигантские, как целые планеты! И невесомые на вид (Обухова 1). Bubbles of gas burst and flew up-enormous as planets, yet seeming weightless to the eye (1a). -
11 run
[rʌn] 1. гл.; прош. вр. ran; прич. прош. вр. run1)а) бежать, бегатьI've got to run for my bus. — Мне пришлось побежать, чтобы успеть на автобус.
He ran the mile in under four minutes. — Он пробежал милю меньше чем за четыре минуты.
The dog ran at the visitor and bit him. — Собака бросилась на посетителя и укусила его.
I opened the door and the cat ran in. — Я открыл дверь, и в дом забежала кошка.
He ran at me and kicked me. — Он подбежал ко мне и ударил.
Would you run up and get my glasses? — Поднимись, пожалуйста, принеси мне очки.
Lots of people ran out to see what had caused the noise. — Масса народу выбежала на улицу поглядеть, из-за чего этот шум.
Don't run away, I want to talk to you. — Погоди, я хочу с тобой поговорить.
б) бегать, передвигаться свободно, без ограниченийLet chickens run loose. — Пусть цыплята побегают на свободе.
в) быстро уходить, убегать; спасаться бегством, дезертироватьThe robbers took the money and ran. — Грабители забрали деньги и сбежали.
I should have to run the country. — Мне придётся покинуть страну.
If they run their board I shall have to pay it. — Если они сбегут, не заплатив за еду, платить придётся мне.
Syn:2)а) преследовать; гнатьб) заставлять (лошадь и т. п.) быстро бежать ( особенно при езде верхом), гнать, погонятьThe horses were run rapidly forward to the skirmish-line. — Лошадей галопом направили к линии огня.
в) загонятьto run smb. ragged / off his legs — загонять кого-л. до изнеможения
He had almost run himself to a standstill. — Он набегался так, что не мог сдвинуться с места.
You'd never believe that woman was nearly eighty, she could run us all off our feet. — Ни за что не скажешь, что этой женщине было почти восемьдесят, она нас всех могла загонять.
г) ( run out (of)) выгонять (откуда-л.)There's enough of us here to run you out. — Нас здесь вполне достаточно для того, чтобы тебя прогнать.
3)а) двигать, передвигать, заставлять скользить быстро и без трудаI cook a meal for him occasionally and I run a vacuum over the place. — Время от времени я готовлю ему еду и провожу уборку с помощью пылесоса.
б) иск. двигать, перемещать ( декорации) по сцене4)а) быстро перемещаться; двигаться, ехать ( о транспорте)б) ходить, курсировать, плавать (о поездах, судах и т. п.)to run late — опоздать, прийти не по расписанию
The shuttle runs daily from New York to Boston. — Самолёты каждый день совершают регулярные рейсы Нью-Йорк - Бостон.
The trains aren't running now. — Поезда сейчас не ходят.
Syn:5)а) плытьFar ran the naked moon. — Высоко плыла беззащитная луна.
On that day she deviated from the course of the voyage and ran for Mauritius. — В тот день корабль отклонился от намеченного пути и взял курс на остров Маврикий.
We were winning the boat race until our boat ran aground on a sandbank. — Мы шли впереди всех в лодочной гонке, пока наша лодка не налетела на мель.
б) быстро плыть, идти на нерест ( о рыбе)6)а) управлять (транспортным средством, судном и т. п.)They no longer run steamers there. — Они больше не водят здесь пароходы.
She got back after lunch and ran the car into the garage. — Она вернулась после завтрака и поставила машину в гараж.
в) держать (двигатель, машину и т. п.) работающим, действующимI can't collect you. I don't run a car. — Я не могу за тобой заехать. У меня не заводится машина.
7)а) перевозить, транспортировать; доставлять к месту назначенияThe engine runs trucks to and from the piers on the island. — На острове машина привозила и отвозила товары с пирса и на пирс.
б) = run across, = run along подвозить (кого-л.)I ran Johnson back to my house. — Я отвёз Джонсона обратно к себе домой.
Don't wait for the bus in this cold weather, I'll run you across to your mother's. — Зачем тебе ждать автобуса на холоде, давай я подброшу тебя до дома твоей матери.
There's no hurry to get there; I can run you along in the car. — Незачем спешить, я подвезу тебя на своей машине.
в) перевозить, ввозить ( контрабандный товар)8) = run over, = run up совершать краткое путешествиеDuring the last five years Fry had formed the habit of running over to Paris. — В течение последних пяти лет у Фрая выработалась привычка ненадолго ездить в Париж.
9)а) (run (up)on / against / into) налетать, наталкиваться на (что-л.); сталкиваться с (чем-л.)The boat ran (up)on the rocks. — Лодка наскочила на камни.
Guess whom I ran against in London the other day? — Угадай, с кем я на днях столкнулся в Лондоне?
б) (run against, run into) ударять, стукать обо (что-л. / кого-л.), сталкивать с (чем-л. / кем-л.)10)а) двигаться, катиться (о мяче; о костях, когда их кидают)The ball ran into the street. — Мяч выкатился на улицу.
б) ударять (по шару, особенно в бильярде), катить (шар, особенно в боулинге)He ran the ball strongly 30ft. past the hole. — Он ударил по мячу так, что тот на 30 футов перелетел через лунку.
11) проводить, пробегать (рукой, глазами и т. п.)She ran her fingers over the smooth material. — Она провела пальцами по гладкой ткани.
I caught myself running my glance round. — Я поймал себя на том, что мельком оглядываю всё вокруг.
She ran down the first page of her letter. — Она пробежала первую страницу письма.
His eye swiftly ran from line to line. — Его глаза быстро перебегали с одной строчки на другую.
Let's run through the whole play from the beginning. — Давайте посмотрим всю пьесу сначала.
Syn:12)а) вращаться, крутитьсяIn which case the wheel will have liberty to run. — В этом случае колесо сможет свободно вращаться.
Syn:б) идти, крутиться (о киноплёнке, магнитной плёнке); демонстрироваться ( о фильме)I'd been to see a film in the afternoon, and it ran longer than I expected. — Днём я пошёл посмотреть фильм, и он продолжался дольше, чем я думал.
The film began to run. — Начался фильм.
13)а) литься, струиться, течьThe stream runs down the valley. — Поток стекает в долину.
Tears ran from her eyes. — Из глаз у неё текли слёзы.
б) ( run with) сделаться мокрым от (чего-л.)The mud walls ran down with damp. — Грязные стены отсырели от влажности.
Syn:Syn:14) расплываться; линять (о рисунке и т. п.)Her red blouse ran on the lighter colored clothes in the wash. — При стирке красная блузка линяла, окрашивая более светлые вещи.
15)а) плавиться, таять, течь ( в результате таяния)The ice cream ran in the warm sun. — Мороженое на солнце растаяло.
Syn:б) соединяться (в один кусок, особенно во влажном или расплавленном состоянии), затвердевать ( комком)16)а) скользить, легко двигаться, идти гладкоThe neck-halter seems to have been tarry, and did not run. — Верёвка с петлей, похоже, не была пропитана и поэтому не скользила.
б) ( run through) проводить по (чему-л.), пропускать через (что-л.)to run a pen through smth. — зачеркнуть, перечеркнуть что-л. ручкой
Will you run a thread through an eyelet? — Продень нитку в иголку, будь так добр.
17)а) простираться, расстилаться, тянуться прям. и перен.A balustrade runs round the building. — Вокруг здания тянется балюстрада.
He was brilliantly attired in crimson pyjamas. Who would have thought his taste would run to the exotic? (S. Woods) — Он был облачён в малиновую пижаму. Кто бы мог предположить, что он дойдёт до такой экзотики?
Syn:б) тянуться, расти, обвиваться ( о растениях)18) спорт.а) соревноваться, участвовать (в соревнованиях, скачках)Syn:б) проводить (бега, гонки, скачки)The Derby has been run in a snowstorm. — Дерби проводилось во время бурана.
No person can run more than one horse for any plate. — На любые скачки на приз каждый может заявить только одну лошадь.
19) брать назад (слово, обещание и т. п.), расторгать, нарушать ( договор)The contracting party may be inclined to run from his word. — Договаривающаяся сторона, возможно, захочет взять назад своё слово.
20) ( run off) не оказывать влияния на (кого-л.)The scoldings run off him like water off a duck's back. — Его ругают, а с него всё как с гуся вода.
21)а) преим. амер. баллотироваться, выставлять (свою) кандидатуру на выборахRichard Roe will run for mayor. — Ричард Роу выставит свою кандидатуру на пост мэра.
22) амер. навязывать, расхваливать, рекламироватьI went with him to the house he was running for. — Я пошёл с ним к дому, который он так расхваливал.
A whisper ran through the crowd. — По толпе пробежал шёпот.
The news ran all over town. — Известие быстро распространилось по всему городу.
Syn:24) муз.; = run down исполнять, выводить рулады; быстро пропевать25)а) быстро вырастать, давая семенаб) отставать ( о коре деревьев)26)а) распускаться ( о петлях)Her stocking ran. — У неё на чулке спустилась петля.
27) работать, функционироватьOne of these little engines recently ran forty-seven days and nights without stoppage. — Один из этих маленьких моторчиков недавно проработал сорок семь суток без остановки.
The American university: how it runs, where it is going. — Американский университет: как он живёт, куда он движется.
28) крутиться, вертеться, постоянно возвращаться ( о мыслях)phrase running in the head — фраза, которая крутится в голове
It runs in my head that I've heard something about it. — У меня вертелось в голове, что я где-то уже об этом слышал.
My thoughts have been running upon the future. — Я всё думаю о будущем.
29)а) проходить, бежать, лететьLife ran smoothly in its ordinary grooves. — Жизнь текла гладко в своём привычном русле.
Their talks ran on for hours. — Они говорили часами.
Syn:б) кончатьсяThe night was almost run. — Ночь почти прошла.
Syn:come to an end, expire30) идти, продолжаться, длиться; быть действительным ( на определённый срок)The lease runs for five years. — Аренда действительна на пять лет.
Syn:31)а) идти (о пьесе, фильме)This film is now running at all cinemas. — Этот фильм идёт сейчас во всех кинотеатрах.
б) показывать (пьесу, фильм)32)а) иметь хождение, быть в обращении ( о деньгах)б) действовать на определённой территории, распространяться на определённой территории (о законах, воззваниях)Musical ability runs in my family. — В нашей семье ярко выражены музыкальные способности.
34)а) быть напечатанным, быть опубликованным, появитьсяThe story ran in all the papers. — История появилась во всех газетах.
Syn:б) печатать, публиковатьThe ad was run in the paper for two days. — Объявление публиковалось в газете два дня.
35) гласить (о документе, тексте и т. п.); быть выраженным ( определённым способом)I know not how his proper official title ran. — Я не знаю, каков был его официальный титул.
36) = run out, = run up достигать ( определённого) количества, стоимости, доходить, равнятьсяLast autumn arrests of illegal immigrants were running 80 a week. — Прошлой осенью число арестов нелегальных иммигрантов доходило до 80 в неделю.
The bill runs to $100. — Счёт составляет 100 долларов.
The prices run from $5 to $200. — Цены варьируются от 5 до 200 долларов.
The book ran into five editions. — Книга выдержала пять изданий.
The total area runs out at 25,000 square miles. — Вся область составляет 25000 квадратных миль.
The bill for the repairs might run up to $300. — Счёт за ремонт может составить около 300 долларов.
Syn:The members encouraged one another in running the Christian course. — Все члены поддерживали друг друга в следовании христианской религии.
38) подвергаться (опасности, риску и т. п.)We run a danger of wasting time. — Мы рискуем потерять время.
She's not afraid to run a risk. — Она не боится риска.
Syn:39)а) прорывать, преодолевать (какое-л. препятствие); пробиваться сквозь (что-л.)The escaped prisoners ran the roadblock. — Сбежавшие заключённые проскочили сквозь дорожно-пропускной пункт.
б) разг. проскочить ( на красный свет)Wilson told officers the brakes of his truck failed, causing him to run a red light at the intersection. — Уилсон сказал полицейским, что у его грузовика отказали тормоза, поэтому ему пришлось на перекрёстке проскочить на красный свет.
40)а) сшивать на скорую руку, смётыватьв) прикреплять (ленту, тесьму и т. п.), пропуская через прорези в одежде41) ( be run) быть стеснённым (в чём-л.)I shall be hard run unless I can get a certain sum of money. — У меня будут большие денежные затруднения, если я не достану определённую сумму денег.
Both author and artist were notoriously always run for time. — И писатель, и художник были известны тем, что у них всегда не хватало времени.
42) наседать, поджимать (в состязаниях, соперничестве)Gloriana would run her very close on the score of beauty. — Глориана не отставала от неё по красоте.
43) преим. амер. руководить, управлять; вести (дело, предприятие и т. п.); следить (за кем-л.), контролироватьTeach me how to run the business. — Научи меня вести дела.
Why couldn't Mother let me run my own birthday? — Почему мама не разрешает мне самому организовать свой день рождения?
Our staff are highly efficient; the place runs itself almost without our interference. — У нас высококвалифицированные служащие; предприятие работает практически без нашего вмешательства.
You're my father and all that, but I'll be damned if you run me any more. — Ты мой отец и всё такое, но будь я проклят, если я ещё хоть раз позволю тебе собой командовать.
Syn:44) ввести (кого-л.) в общество45) амер. помогать, обеспечивать средствами к существованиюI was running a small fever. — У меня была небольшая температура.
I don't like her running this temperature. — Мне не нравится, что у неё такая высокая температура.
47) = run through приводить в действие, включать ( кинокамеру)48) проводить (эксперимент, тест), проводить измерения49) амер.; австрал.; разг. дразнить, досаждать, изводить,Syn:50) разг. заявлять (о ком-л.) в полицию, передавать (кого-л.) в руки полиции51) воен. выдвигать обвинение против (кого-л.)52) подтасовывать, фальсифицироватьSyn:53)б) вести, тянуть, проводить (что-л. в определённом направлении или до определённой длины)Syn:54) прослеживать, устанавливать (параллели, сходство); проводить ( различия)55) объединять, соединятьThe events of two days have been run into one. — События двух дней были объединены в одно.
Syn:56) ( run to) тяготеть к (чему-л.), иметь склонность к (чему-л.)The writer runs to descriptive details. — Этот писатель очень любит подробно описывать детали.
57) ( run to) обращаться к (кому-л., за помощью или советом)58) ( run to) хватать, быть достаточным для (чего-л.)The money won't run to a car. — Этих денег не хватит на машину.
Syn:59) ( run with) общаться с (кем-л.); водить компанию с (кем-л.)In his younger days he ran with some very undesirable types. — В юности он общался с некоторыми очень подозрительными типами.
60) ( run across) (случайно) встретиться с (кем-л.); натолкнуться на (кого-л. / что-л.)I ran across my former teacher this afternoon. — Сегодня я встретил своего старого учителя.
I ran across an excellent book on history. — Я тут обнаружил замечательную книгу по истории.
61) ( run after) "бегать", ухаживать за (кем-л.)All the girls are running after the attractive new student. — Девушки прохода не дают этому симпатичному студенту-новичку.
62) ( run into) наезжать на (что-л.), врезаться во (что-л.)I ran into the gatepost and hurt my knee. — Я налетел на столб и повредил колено.
This lamppost looks as if it's been run into by a bus. — Этот столб выглядит так, как будто в него врезался автобус.
63) ( run into) случайно встретить (кого-л.), столкнуться с (кем-л.)Guess who I run into in the High Street this afternoon? — Знаешь, кого я сегодня встретил на Хай-Стрит?
Syn:64) ( run into) столкнуться с (чем-л. неприятным)65) ( run (up)on) касаться (какой-л. темы), вращаться вокруг (какой-л. темы)His thoughts ran upon the happy times that he had spent there. — Он вспомнил о том счастливом времени, которое провёл здесь когда-то.
66) ( run over) просматривать; повторять (что-л.)Just run over your notes before the examination. — Просто прогляди свои конспекты перед экзаменом.
67) ( run through) промотать ( деньги)How can you have run through so much money so quickly? — Как ты мог потратить так быстро так много денег?
68) (run + прил.) становиться, делатьсяThe little pond ran dry. — Маленький пруд высох.
The roads ran wild. — Дороги заросли.
Some say whiskey will run a man crazy. — Некоторые говорят, что от виски человек становится психом.
- run low- run cold
- run mad
- run hotSyn:69) держать, мыть ( под краном)70) соединять ( линией или верёвкой) две точкинакапливаться, образовываться ( о долге)It is found a great safeguard against debt not to run long accounts. — Хорошая гарантия не делать долгов - не накапливать счёта.
71)а) ( run into) втыкать, вонзать во (что-л.)б) ( run through) прокалывать, пронзать, протыкать (кого-л.)Ormonde ran two of the cowards through the body. — Ормонд пронзил тела двух трусов.
72) иметь ( определённый) склад, характер, свойство, формуHis hair was brown, with a tendency to run in ringlets. — У него были каштановые волосы, имеющие тенденцию завиваться колечками.
73)а) преим. австрал. выпускать на подножный корм (коров, овец)Syn:б) запустить (хорька, которого держат для отлова кроликов, уничтожения крыс) в нору74) диал. скисать, сквашиваться ( о молоке)Syn:75)а) истекать (чем-л.)His lips, his fangs, ran blood. — С его губ, с его клыков стекала кровь.
б) выпускатьThe drains will run the water out of the land. — Дренажные канавы осушат земли.
Syn:•- run ashore- run aground
- run foul of
- run short
- run counter
- run about
- run along
- run around
- run away
- run back
- run down
- run in
- run off
- run on
- run out
- run over
- run round
- run through
- run up••to run one's mouth / off at the mouth — амер.; разг. неумеренно болтать, пустозвонить
- run to form- run off the rails
- run for luck
- run messages
- run it close
- run it fine
- run smth. close
- run smb. close
- run too far
- run the gantlope
- run oneself into the ground
- run away with the idea 2. сущ.1)а) бег, пробег, пробежкаto keep smb. on the run — не давать кому-л. остановиться
We took a run around the track. — Мы побежали по беговой дорожке.
Syn:б) перебежка, за которую засчитывается очко ( в крикете или бейсболе)в) гон; забег ( на скачках)2) короткая поездка, небольшое путешествиеLet's take a run upstate for the day. — Давай съездим на денёк за город.
Syn:3)а) плавание, переход ( особенно между двумя портами)- run-boatб) ж.-д. пробег (паровоза, вагона)в) ж.-д. отрезок пути; прогон4) прогулка быстрым шагом; пробежка ( в современном употреблении преимущественно о прогулке собак)Syn:5)а) воен. наступательная операция, атака с моря или воздухаб) авиа заход на цельThe aircraft is seen making its second run over the target. — Видно, как самолёт делает второй заход на цель.
6) авиаа) полёт, перелёт; рейсI was on the Sydney-Melbourne run. — Я совершал перелёт из Сиднея в Мельбурн.
б) расстояние, пролетаемое самолётом7) выгрузка контрабандного товара ( доставляемого по морю), прибытие контрабандного товараKeep careful watch tonight; run expected. — Будьте на страже сегодня ночью; ожидается прибытие контрабандного товара.
8) регулярный обход, объездAt night when they had done the evening run on their traps they would return home. — Вечером после того, как они объезжали все свои ловушки, они возвращались домой.
9) амер.а) ручей, речушкаSyn:б) сток, водосливSyn:в) поток, сильный прилив10) струя песка, обвал, оползеньSyn:12) муз. рулада13) период времени, полоса (удач, неудач и т. п.)Gamblers always hope for a run of good luck. — Игроки всегда надеются, что наступит полоса удач.
We have had a long-continued run of the loveliest weather. — На длительный период установилась чудеснейшая погода.
Syn:14) геол. простирание пласта; направление рудной жилы16) амер. спустившаяся петля ( обычно на чулке)I'm darning up a run in my old ski sweater. — Я зашиваю спустившуюся петлю на старом свитере.
Syn:17) непрерывная серия, последовательность18) рыба, идущая на нерест19) подшивка ( периодических изданий)run of the Field Newspaper from 1985 — подшивка газеты "Филд" с 1985 года
21) ( the run) разг. приступ поноса22)а) фин. наплыв требований к банкам о немедленных выплатахIn July the failure of some commercial firms resulted in a run on several German banks. — В июле банкротство нескольких коммерческих фирм привело к массовому изъятию вкладов из нескольких немецких банков.
б) спрос (на какой-л. товар)The book has a considerable run. — Книга хорошо распродаётся.
в) наплыв, скопление (покупателей и т. п.)23) период, в который спектакль, фильм остаётся на сцене, идёт в прокате; период, в который выставка открыта для посетителейThis comedy has a lengthened run. — Эта комедия уже долго идёт на сцене.
The International Textile Exhibition closed yesterday after a run of something like six weeks. — Вчера закрылась международная текстильная выставка, которая работала около шести недель.
24)It was no hard run - but my 104 buckets would probably yield 40 or 50 gallons of maple sap today. — Ток был не очень обильным - однако сегодня 104 моих ведра, возможно, дали 40 или 50 галлонов кленового сока.
б) нефт. погон, фракция25)а) ход, работа, действие (машины, двигателя)б) испытание, эксперимент ( особенно с помощью автоматического оборудования)Only one experimental run to test the machinery has been made. — Для проверки оборудования было проведено только одно экспериментальное испытание.
в) информ. (однократный) проход, прогон ( программы)26) нечто среднее, стандарт; большинствоcommon / general / normal / ordinary run — обычный, средний тип, класс
We've had nothing exciting - just the usual run of applicants. — У нас не происходило ничего особенного - обычные просители.
a man of mind, above the run of men — умный человек, превосходящий большинство людей
27) выводок (о детёнышах животных, птиц)Syn:28) партия товара, класс товараThe best runs of English and foreign wheat sell at full prices. — Лучшие сорта английской и иностранной пшеницы продаются по полной цене.
29) тиражrun of 3,000 copies — тираж в 3000 экземпляров
30) тропа, проложенная животными31) нора, убежищеThe kids are building a rabbit run. — Дети строят норку для кролика.
Syn:32)Fowls are restricted to a narrow yard or run. — Домашние птицы содержатся в узком загоне или вольере.
б) австрал. (овечье) пастбищев) австрал. скотоводческая ферма33) уклон; трасса35)а) жёлоб, лоток, труба и т. п. (для воды)б) горн. бремсберг, уклон36) мор. кормовое заострение ( корпуса)37) направление; тенденция развитияWe shall find, I think, the general run of things to be such as I have represented it. — Я думаю, что мы обнаружим общую тенденцию развития такой, как я здесь представил.
Syn:38) разг. свобода, возможность пользования (чем-л.)You have the run of my office. — Вы можете свободно пользоваться моим офисом.
Then I have the run of the place entirely to myself. — Итак, это место в полном моём распоряжении.
Syn:39) амер. переселение колонистов на новые земли40) австрал.; новозел. стрижка овцы••the run of one's teeth / knife — бесплатное питание ( обычно за выполненную работу)
in the long run — в конце концов; в общем
- be on the runto get the run — преим. австрал.; разг. быть уволенным с работы
- do smth. on the run
- have smb. on the run
- get smb. on the run
- keep smb. on the run 3. прил.1) жидкий2) мор. сбежавший, дезертировавший3) идущий на нерест, нерестящийся ( о рыбе)4) шотл. туго затянутый ( об узле)5) горн. мягкий6) диал. скисший, свернувшийся ( о молоке)Syn:coagulated, clotted7) разг. контрабандный ( о товаре)Syn:8)а) растопленный9) гонимый, преследуемый; измученный погоней, выдохшийсяSyn:hunted, chased10) продолжающийся, непрерывныйSyn:11) (- run) происходящий ( определённым образом)Nothing differs more from a true-run race than the ordinary careful gallop used in training. — Настоящие скачки кардинально отличаются от обычного аккуратного галопа при тренировке.
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12 ставить на ноги
1) ( вылечивать) get (put) smb. on his (her) feet; have smb. back on his (her) feet- Ах, зачем я не знала, что вы захворали! - воскликнула она с нетерпеливым сожалением. - Я бы в один день вас на ноги поставила... (А. Куприн, Олеся) — 'If only I'd known you were ill!' she cried, with impatient regret. 'I'd have had you back on your feet in a day.'
В своей жизни я вылечил неисчислимое множество больных, но Иван Акимович, наверно, самый памятный мой пациент. Я выходил его, поставил на ноги, он жил ещё не один год. (Н. Евдокимов, Страстная площадь) — In my lifetime I have cured a multitude of the ill, but Ivan Akimovich was probably my most memorable patient. I pulled him through, put him on his feet again, and he lived for several more years.
2) (растить, воспитывать, доводить до самостоятельности) put (set) smb. on his (her) feet; give smb. a start in life- Мне сорок стукнуло. Детей хочу. А их надо успеть на ноги поставить. (Д. Гранин, Дождь в чужом городе) — 'I'm forty and I want children. And you've got to have time to give them a start in life.'
3) (побуждать, заставлять активно действовать) rouse many people to action[Лиза] кинулась за водой и поднесла ему стакан, но он отмахнулся, расплескал воду и принялся кричать ещё пронзительней. Постепенно весь дом был поднят на ноги, и тётушка прибежала из своей половины. Кое-как Витюшу отвели в постель. (К. Федин, Первые радости) — Liza ran for some water and offered him a glass but he dashed it aside, splashing the water about, and uttering still more piercing screams. Gradually he roused the whole household, and his aunt came running in from her part of the house. They managed to get Victor to bed.
4) (вызывать суматоху, суету, переполох) alarm, agitate smb.; cause a panic (commotion)Внезапный приезд губернатора поднял на ноги и ошеломил всю усадьбу. (А. Чехов, Тайный советник) — The sudden arrival of the governor caused a general commotion in the estate.
Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ставить на ноги
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13 Edison, Thomas Alva
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USAd. 18 October 1931 Glenmont[br]American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.[br]He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingM.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.IMcN -
14 Smeaton, John
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 8 June 1724 Austhorpe, near Leeds, Yorkshire, Englandd. 28 October 1792 Austhorpe, near Leeds, Yorkshire, England[br]English mechanical and civil engineer.[br]As a boy, Smeaton showed mechanical ability, making for himself a number of tools and models. This practical skill was backed by a sound education, probably at Leeds Grammar School. At the age of 16 he entered his father's office; he seemed set to follow his father's profession in the law. In 1742 he went to London to continue his legal studies, but he preferred instead, with his father's reluctant permission, to set up as a scientific instrument maker and dealer and opened a shop of his own in 1748. About this time he began attending meetings of the Royal Society and presented several papers on instruments and mechanical subjects, being elected a Fellow in 1753. His interests were turning towards engineering but were informed by scientific principles grounded in careful and accurate observation.In 1755 the second Eddystone lighthouse, on a reef some 14 miles (23 km) off the English coast at Plymouth, was destroyed by fire. The President of the Royal Society was consulted as to a suitable engineer to undertake the task of constructing a new one, and he unhesitatingly suggested Smeaton. Work began in 1756 and was completed in three years to produce the first great wave-swept stone lighthouse. It was constructed of Portland stone blocks, shaped and pegged both together and to the base rock, and bonded by hydraulic cement, scientifically developed by Smeaton. It withstood the storms of the English Channel for over a century, but by 1876 erosion of the rock had weakened the structure and a replacement had to be built. The upper portion of Smeaton's lighthouse was re-erected on a suitable base on Plymouth Hoe, leaving the original base portion on the reef as a memorial to the engineer.The Eddystone lighthouse made Smeaton's reputation and from then on he was constantly in demand as a consultant in all kinds of engineering projects. He carried out a number himself, notably the 38 mile (61 km) long Forth and Clyde canal with thirty-nine locks, begun in 1768 but for financial reasons not completed until 1790. In 1774 he took charge of the Ramsgate Harbour works.On the mechanical side, Smeaton undertook a systematic study of water-and windmills, to determine the design and construction to achieve the greatest power output. This work issued forth as the paper "An experimental enquiry concerning the natural powers of water and wind to turn mills" and exerted a considerable influence on mill design during the early part of the Industrial Revolution. Between 1753 and 1790 Smeaton constructed no fewer than forty-four mills.Meanwhile, in 1756 he had returned to Austhorpe, which continued to be his home base for the rest of his life. In 1767, as a result of the disappointing performance of an engine he had been involved with at New River Head, Islington, London, Smeaton began his important study of the steam-engine. Smeaton was the first to apply scientific principles to the steam-engine and achieved the most notable improvements in its efficiency since its invention by Newcomen, until its radical overhaul by James Watt. To compare the performance of engines quantitatively, he introduced the concept of "duty", i.e. the weight of water that could be raised 1 ft (30 cm) while burning one bushel (84 lb or 38 kg) of coal. The first engine to embody his improvements was erected at Long Benton colliery in Northumberland in 1772, with a duty of 9.45 million pounds, compared to the best figure obtained previously of 7.44 million pounds. One source of heat loss he attributed to inaccurate boring of the cylinder, which he was able to improve through his close association with Carron Ironworks near Falkirk, Scotland.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1753.Bibliography1759, "An experimental enquiry concerning the natural powers of water and wind to turn mills", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.Towards the end of his life, Smeaton intended to write accounts of his many works but only completed A Narrative of the Eddystone Lighthouse, 1791, London.Further ReadingS.Smiles, 1874, Lives of the Engineers: Smeaton and Rennie, London. A.W.Skempton, (ed.), 1981, John Smeaton FRS, London: Thomas Telford. L.T.C.Rolt and J.S.Allen, 1977, The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen, 2nd edn, Hartington: Moorland Publishing, esp. pp. 108–18 (gives a good description of his work on the steam-engine).LRD -
15 Westinghouse, George
[br]b. 6 October 1846 Central Bridge, New York, USAd. 12 March 1914 New York, New York, USA[br]American inventor and entrepreneur, pioneer of air brakes for railways and alternating-current distribution of electricity.[br]George Westinghouse's father was an ingenious manufacturer of agricultural implements; the son, after a spell in the Union Army during the Civil War, and subsequently in the Navy as an engineer, went to work for his father. He invented a rotary steam engine, which proved impracticable; a rerailing device for railway rolling stock in 1865; and a cast-steel frog for railway points, with longer life than the cast-iron frogs then used, in 1868–9. During the same period Westinghouse, like many other inventors, was considering how best to meet the evident need for a continuous brake for trains, i.e. one by which the driver could apply the brakes on all vehicles in a train simultaneously instead of relying on brakesmen on individual vehicles. By chance he encountered a magazine article about the construction of the Mont Cenis Tunnel, with a description of the pneumatic tools invented for it, and from this it occurred to him that compressed air might be used to operate the brakes along a train.The first prototype was ready in 1869 and the Westinghouse Air Brake Company was set up to manufacture it. However, despite impressive demonstration of the brake's powers when it saved the test train from otherwise certain collision with a horse-drawn dray on a level crossing, railways were at first slow to adopt it. Then in 1872 Westinghouse added to it the triple valve, which enabled the train pipe to charge reservoirs beneath each vehicle, from which the compressed air would apply the brakes when pressure in the train pipe was reduced. This meant that the brake was now automatic: if a train became divided, the brakes on both parts would be applied. From then on, more and more American railways adopted the Westinghouse brake and the Railroad Safety Appliance Act of 1893 made air brakes compulsory in the USA. Air brakes were also adopted in most other parts of the world, although only a minority of British railway companies took them up, the remainder, with insular reluctance, preferring the less effective vacuum brake.From 1880 Westinghouse was purchasing patents relating to means of interlocking railway signals and points; he combined them with his own inventions to produce a complete signalling system. The first really practical power signalling scheme, installed in the USA by Westinghouse in 1884, was operated pneumatically, but the development of railway signalling required an awareness of the powers of electricity, and it was probably this that first led Westinghouse to become interested in electrical processes and inventions. The Westinghouse Electric Company was formed in 1886: it pioneered the use of electricity distribution systems using high-voltage single-phase alternating current, which it developed from European practice. Initially this was violently opposed by established operators of direct-current distribution systems, but eventually the use of alternating current became widespread.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLégion d'honneur. Order of the Crown of Italy. Order of Leopold.BibliographyWestinghouse took out some 400 patents over forty-eight years.Further ReadingH.G.Prout, 1922, A Life of "George Westinghouse", London (biography inclined towards technicalities).F.E.Leupp, 1918, George Westinghouse: His Life and Achievements, Boston (London 1919) (biography inclined towards Westinghouse and his career).J.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 152–4.PJGR
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The Benedictine Order — The Benedictine Order † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Benedictine Order The Benedictine Order comprises monks living under the Rule of St. Benedict, and commonly known as black monks . The order will be considered in this article under… … Catholic encyclopedia
Huron Indians — • If language may be taken as a fair criterion to go by, the Hurons proper were the original stock from which sprang all the branches of the great Iroquoian family, whether included in the primitive federation of the Five Nations, or standing… … Catholic encyclopedia
Irish Literature — • It is uncertain at what period and in what manner the Irish discovered the use of letters. It may have been through direct commerce with Gaul, but it is more probable, as McNeill has shown in his study of Irish oghams, that it was from the… … Catholic encyclopedia
Schools — • History and development of education as related to the church Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Schools Schools † … Catholic encyclopedia
Greek Church — • Details the history and various divisions of the church Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Greek Church Greek Church † … Catholic encyclopedia